Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the optimum temperature for enzyme activity in the human body?
What is the optimum temperature for enzyme activity in the human body?
- 25°C
- 37°C (correct)
- 75°C
- 50°C
High temperatures lead to increased enzyme activity by maintaining the shape of the enzyme.
High temperatures lead to increased enzyme activity by maintaining the shape of the enzyme.
False (B)
What is diffusion?
What is diffusion?
The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
During respiration, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into __________.
During respiration, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into __________.
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the rate of diffusion?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the rate of diffusion?
Active transport requires energy to move particles against a concentration gradient.
Active transport requires energy to move particles against a concentration gradient.
Match the processes with their descriptions:
Match the processes with their descriptions:
Explain how temperature affects diffusion.
Explain how temperature affects diffusion.
What are the primary components that make up proteins?
What are the primary components that make up proteins?
Starch is made from fatty acids and glycerol.
Starch is made from fatty acids and glycerol.
Define osmosis.
Define osmosis.
Iodine tests for ______.
Iodine tests for ______.
Match the following polymers with their respective monomers:
Match the following polymers with their respective monomers:
What happens to a plant cell in a concentrated solution?
What happens to a plant cell in a concentrated solution?
Higher temperatures decrease the rate of diffusion.
Higher temperatures decrease the rate of diffusion.
What is the initial color of Benedict's solution?
What is the initial color of Benedict's solution?
A positive Biuret test for protein turns the solution ______.
A positive Biuret test for protein turns the solution ______.
What is the primary purpose of diffusion in living organisms?
What is the primary purpose of diffusion in living organisms?
What occurs to enzymes at temperatures above their optimum temperature?
What occurs to enzymes at temperatures above their optimum temperature?
Lower temperatures increase enzyme activity due to higher kinetic energy.
Lower temperatures increase enzyme activity due to higher kinetic energy.
What is the process of net movement of particles from higher concentration to lower concentration called?
What is the process of net movement of particles from higher concentration to lower concentration called?
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the red blood cells due to a __________ concentration gradient.
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the red blood cells due to a __________ concentration gradient.
Match the following factors that influence diffusion with their effects:
Match the following factors that influence diffusion with their effects:
Which of the following best describes active transport?
Which of the following best describes active transport?
Higher temperatures slow down the process of diffusion.
Higher temperatures slow down the process of diffusion.
Plants take in __________ gas during photosynthesis through diffusion.
Plants take in __________ gas during photosynthesis through diffusion.
Which statement accurately describes osmosis?
Which statement accurately describes osmosis?
Proteins are made from glucose.
Proteins are made from glucose.
What color does iodine change to when starch is present?
What color does iodine change to when starch is present?
Cellulose contributes to the structure of __________.
Cellulose contributes to the structure of __________.
Match the following biochemical tests with their positive results:
Match the following biochemical tests with their positive results:
Which of the following is a factor that increases the rate of diffusion?
Which of the following is a factor that increases the rate of diffusion?
Animal cells become lysed when placed in a concentrated solution.
Animal cells become lysed when placed in a concentrated solution.
What are the monomers of fats?
What are the monomers of fats?
Large molecules such as starch and proteins are made from __________.
Large molecules such as starch and proteins are made from __________.
What happens to a plant cell in pure water?
What happens to a plant cell in pure water?
What happens to enzymes at temperatures above their optimum temperature?
What happens to enzymes at temperatures above their optimum temperature?
Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of particles, resulting in slower diffusion.
Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of particles, resulting in slower diffusion.
Define the term 'diffusion'.
Define the term 'diffusion'.
Which factor does NOT influence the rate of diffusion?
Which factor does NOT influence the rate of diffusion?
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Active transport occurs without the use of energy.
Active transport occurs without the use of energy.
Describe the role of surface area in the process of diffusion.
Describe the role of surface area in the process of diffusion.
Which of the following correctly lists the chemical elements that make up carbohydrates?
Which of the following correctly lists the chemical elements that make up carbohydrates?
Plant cells become flaccid when placed in pure water.
Plant cells become flaccid when placed in pure water.
What is the positive test result color for glucose when using Benedict's solution?
What is the positive test result color for glucose when using Benedict's solution?
Osmosis involves water moving from a region of higher water potential to a region of __________ water potential.
Osmosis involves water moving from a region of higher water potential to a region of __________ water potential.
What effect does increasing temperature have on the rate of diffusion?
What effect does increasing temperature have on the rate of diffusion?
Cellulose provides structure to animal cell membranes.
Cellulose provides structure to animal cell membranes.
What term describes the process of water movement through a partially permeable membrane?
What term describes the process of water movement through a partially permeable membrane?
In a concentrated solution, plant cells will experience __________, losing water and shrinking.
In a concentrated solution, plant cells will experience __________, losing water and shrinking.
Which biochemical test turns purple in the presence of protein?
Which biochemical test turns purple in the presence of protein?
What happens to enzymes when the temperature exceeds their optimum level?
What happens to enzymes when the temperature exceeds their optimum level?
What effect does increasing temperature have on enzyme activity up to the optimum temperature?
What effect does increasing temperature have on enzyme activity up to the optimum temperature?
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into __________ cells.
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into __________ cells.
Match the following factors to their effects on diffusion:
Match the following factors to their effects on diffusion:
Which of the following substances diffuses into plants during photosynthesis?
Which of the following substances diffuses into plants during photosynthesis?
A steeper concentration gradient slows down the rate of diffusion.
A steeper concentration gradient slows down the rate of diffusion.
What is the main consequence of low temperatures on enzyme activity?
What is the main consequence of low temperatures on enzyme activity?
What is the primary function of osmosis in plant cells?
What is the primary function of osmosis in plant cells?
Proteins are made from fatty acids and glycerol.
Proteins are made from fatty acids and glycerol.
What occurs to an animal cell when placed in pure water?
What occurs to an animal cell when placed in pure water?
The __________ test is used to indicate the presence of lipids.
The __________ test is used to indicate the presence of lipids.
Match the following polymers with their corresponding monomers:
Match the following polymers with their corresponding monomers:
Which of the following statements about diffusion is true?
Which of the following statements about diffusion is true?
Gaseous exchange in the lungs involves carbon dioxide diffusing from red blood cells to alveoli.
Gaseous exchange in the lungs involves carbon dioxide diffusing from red blood cells to alveoli.
What color does iodine turn in the presence of starch?
What color does iodine turn in the presence of starch?
Water moves through a __________ membrane by osmosis.
Water moves through a __________ membrane by osmosis.
What is the role of surface area in the process of diffusion?
What is the role of surface area in the process of diffusion?
Flashcards
Enzyme Optimum Temperature
Enzyme Optimum Temperature
The temperature at which an enzyme works fastest.
Enzyme Denaturation
Enzyme Denaturation
Enzyme's shape change due to high temperature,losing function.
Diffusion
Diffusion
Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration.
Diffusion in Lungs
Diffusion in Lungs
Oxygen moves from alveoli to blood, as CO2 moves in the opposite direction.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diffusion in Plants
Diffusion in Plants
CO2 enters leaves and O2 exits for photosynthesis purposes.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Factors Affecting Diffusion
Factors Affecting Diffusion
Temperature, surface area, and concentration gradient impact diffusion rate.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Active Transport
Active Transport
Movement of particles across a membrane against the concentration gradient, needing energy.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Importance of Active Transport
Importance of Active Transport
Essential for moving important substances across membranes against concentration gradients.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Monomer
Monomer
A small molecule that combines with other similar molecules to form a larger molecule (polymer).
Signup and view all the flashcards
Polymer
Polymer
A large molecule made up of repeating smaller molecules (monomers).
Signup and view all the flashcards
Osmosis
Osmosis
The movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a selectively permeable membrane.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Water Potential
Water Potential
A measure of the tendency of water to move from one area to another.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Turgid
Turgid
Plant cell swollen and firm due to water intake.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Plasmolysed
Plasmolysed
Plant cell shrinks due to water loss.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Biological molecules made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Proteins
Proteins
Biological molecules made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lipids
Lipids
Biological molecules made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes fats and oils.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gas Exchange in Lungs
Gas Exchange in Lungs
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (tiny air sacs) into red blood cells, while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Surface Area and Diffusion
Surface Area and Diffusion
A larger surface area provides more space for particles to move, increasing the rate of diffusion.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are carbohydrates made of?
What are carbohydrates made of?
Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are proteins made of?
What are proteins made of?
Proteins are made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur (CHONS).
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are fats made of?
What are fats made of?
Fats are made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).
Signup and view all the flashcards
What do monomers make up?
What do monomers make up?
Monomers are small molecules that combine to form larger molecules called polymers.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is starch made from?
What is starch made from?
Starch is a polymer made from chains of glucose monomers.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is glycogen made from?
What is glycogen made from?
Glycogen is a branched chain of glucose monomers.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is cellulose made from?
What is cellulose made from?
Cellulose is a straight chain of glucose monomers.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is osmosis?
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What happens in a plant cell in pure water?
What happens in a plant cell in pure water?
Water enters the cell by osmosis, making the cell turgid (swollen and firm).
Signup and view all the flashcards
What happens to an animal cell in a concentrated solution?
What happens to an animal cell in a concentrated solution?
Water leaves the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to crenate (shrink and shrivel).
Signup and view all the flashcards
Optimum Temperature for Enzymes
Optimum Temperature for Enzymes
The temperature at which an enzyme functions most effectively. For humans, this is generally 37°C.
Signup and view all the flashcards
How Temperature Affects Enzyme Activity
How Temperature Affects Enzyme Activity
As temperature increases, enzyme activity also increases until it reaches an optimum point. Beyond this point, activity decreases due to denaturation.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diffusion in Living Organisms
Diffusion in Living Organisms
The movement of molecules from a high concentration area to a low concentration area, without energy input. Crucial for gas exchange in lungs and plants.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Why is Diffusion Important for Gas Exchange?
Why is Diffusion Important for Gas Exchange?
Diffusion allows oxygen to move from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide to move from the blood to the lungs, ensuring respiration.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Active Transport vs. Diffusion
Active Transport vs. Diffusion
Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy, while diffusion moves molecules down the gradient, passively.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Active Transport: Importance
Active Transport: Importance
This process is essential for cells to obtain vital nutrients and eliminate waste products, even when those substances are less concentrated outside the cell.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Optimum Temperature
Optimum Temperature
The temperature at which an enzyme works most efficiently, resulting in the fastest reaction rate.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gaseous Exchange: Lungs
Gaseous Exchange: Lungs
Oxygen gas diffuses from the alveoli (tiny air sacs) in the lungs into the red blood cells, while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gas Exchange: Plants
Gas Exchange: Plants
Carbon dioxide diffuses into leaves for photosynthesis, while oxygen produced during photosynthesis diffuses out into the air.
Signup and view all the flashcardsStudy Notes
Enzyme Activity and Temperature
- Enzymes function optimally at a specific temperature.
- For the human body, the optimal temperature is 37°C.
- High temperatures disrupt the bonds holding the enzyme together, causing it to lose its shape (denaturation).
- Low temperatures decrease enzyme activity due to reduced kinetic energy, resulting in fewer collisions and product formation.
Enzyme Activity and pH
- Enzymes have an optimal pH range at which their activity is highest.
Diffusion
- Diffusion is the movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration due to random movement.
- Several substances move into and out of cells through the cell membrane by diffusion.
Gas Exchange in Lungs
- Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) to red blood cells.
- The high oxygen concentration in the alveoli and low oxygen concentration in the blood drive the diffusion.
Gas Exchange in Plants
- Plants absorb carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen.
- Carbon dioxide diffuses into leaf cells.
Factors Affecting Diffusion Rate
- Surface Area: Increased surface area leads to increased diffusion rates. Examples include alveoli in lungs and root hair cells.
- Temperature: Higher temperatures increase particle movement and accelerate diffusion.
- Concentration Gradient: A larger difference in concentration between areas speeds up diffusion.
Active Transport
- Active transport moves particles against a concentration gradient, requiring energy from respiration.
- It's crucial for transporting molecules and ions across membranes, such as ion uptake by root hair cells.
- In root hair cells, ions are absorbed from soil (lower ion concentration) to the cell (higher ion concentration).
Biological Molecules
- Carbohydrates: Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).
- Proteins: Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur (CHONS).
- Fats (Lipids): Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).
- Large molecules (polymers) are built from smaller molecules (monomers).
- Examples include: starch (glucose monomers), glycogen (glucose monomers), cellulose (glucose monomers), proteins (amino acid monomers), and fats (fatty acid and glycerol monomers).
Biochemical Tests
- Iodine: Used to test for starch (blue/black color change).
- Benedict's Solution: Used to test for glucose (brick-red color change).
- Biuret Solution: Used to test for proteins (purple color change).
- Ethanol: Used to test for lipids (cloudy solution).
Osmosis
- Osmosis is the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from a high water potential (dilute solution) to a low water potential (concentrated solution).
Effects of Osmosis on Cells
- Plant cell in pure water: Water enters the cell causing it to become turgid (firm).
- Plant cell in equal concentration solution: No net movement of water, cell becomes flaccid.
- Plant cell in concentrated solution: Water leaves the cell causing it to plasmolyze (shrink).
- Animal cell in pure water: Water enters the cell causing it to lyse (burst).
- Animal cell in equal concentration solution: No net movement of water, cell is normal.
- Animal cell in concentrated solution: Water leaves the cell causing it to crenate (shrink).
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
