Biology Chapter: Enzyme Activity and Gas Exchange
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Questions and Answers

What is the optimum temperature for enzyme activity in the human body?

  • 25°C
  • 37°C (correct)
  • 75°C
  • 50°C

High temperatures lead to increased enzyme activity by maintaining the shape of the enzyme.

False (B)

What is diffusion?

The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

During respiration, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into __________.

<p>red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors does NOT influence the rate of diffusion?

<p>Pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active transport requires energy to move particles against a concentration gradient.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the processes with their descriptions:

<p>Diffusion = Movement from high to low concentration Enzyme Denaturation = Loss of enzyme shape due to high temperature Active Transport = Movement against concentration gradient using energy Kinetic Energy = Energy of motion influencing particle movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how temperature affects diffusion.

<p>Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of particles, resulting in faster diffusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary components that make up proteins?

<p>Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Starch is made from fatty acids and glycerol.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define osmosis.

<p>The net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Iodine tests for ______.

<p>starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following polymers with their respective monomers:

<p>Starch = Glucose Proteins = Amino Acids Fats = Fatty Acids &amp; Glycerol Cellulose = Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a plant cell in a concentrated solution?

<p>Cell undergoes plasmolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Higher temperatures decrease the rate of diffusion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial color of Benedict's solution?

<p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

A positive Biuret test for protein turns the solution ______.

<p>purple</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of diffusion in living organisms?

<p>Gas exchange (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to enzymes at temperatures above their optimum temperature?

<p>They become denatured (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lower temperatures increase enzyme activity due to higher kinetic energy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of net movement of particles from higher concentration to lower concentration called?

<p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the red blood cells due to a __________ concentration gradient.

<p>higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors that influence diffusion with their effects:

<p>Surface Area = Increases rate of diffusion Temperature = Increases kinetic energy of particles Concentration Gradient = Steeper gradients lead to faster diffusion Active Transport = Requires energy to move particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes active transport?

<p>Movement against a concentration gradient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Higher temperatures slow down the process of diffusion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plants take in __________ gas during photosynthesis through diffusion.

<p>carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes osmosis?

<p>Water moves from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are made from glucose.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color does iodine change to when starch is present?

<p>Blue/Black</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cellulose contributes to the structure of __________.

<p>plant cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following biochemical tests with their positive results:

<p>Iodine = Blue/Black Benedict's Solution = Brick Red Biuret = Purple Ethanol = Cloudy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a factor that increases the rate of diffusion?

<p>Higher concentration gradient (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Animal cells become lysed when placed in a concentrated solution.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the monomers of fats?

<p>Fatty acids and glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Large molecules such as starch and proteins are made from __________.

<p>smaller molecules (monomers)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a plant cell in pure water?

<p>The cell becomes turgid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to enzymes at temperatures above their optimum temperature?

<p>They are denatured. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of particles, resulting in slower diffusion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define the term 'diffusion'.

<p>Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence the rate of diffusion?

<p>Weight of the particles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Optimum Temperature = The temperature at which enzyme activity is highest Denaturation = Loss of enzyme shape and function due to high temperatures Active Transport = Movement of particles against a concentration gradient using energy Diffusion = Net movement of particles from high to low concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Active transport occurs without the use of energy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of surface area in the process of diffusion.

<p>A larger surface area increases the rate of diffusion by providing more space for particles to pass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly lists the chemical elements that make up carbohydrates?

<p>Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plant cells become flaccid when placed in pure water.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the positive test result color for glucose when using Benedict's solution?

<p>Brick Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osmosis involves water moving from a region of higher water potential to a region of __________ water potential.

<p>lower</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increasing temperature have on the rate of diffusion?

<p>Increases the rate of diffusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cellulose provides structure to animal cell membranes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process of water movement through a partially permeable membrane?

<p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a concentrated solution, plant cells will experience __________, losing water and shrinking.

<p>plasmolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biochemical test turns purple in the presence of protein?

<p>Biuret (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to enzymes when the temperature exceeds their optimum level?

<p>They become denatured (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increasing temperature have on enzyme activity up to the optimum temperature?

<p>Enzyme activity increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into __________ cells.

<p>red blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following factors to their effects on diffusion:

<p>Temperature = Increases kinetic energy of particles Surface Area = Provides more space for particles to pass Concentration Gradient = Determines the speed of diffusion Higher Concentration = Promotes faster diffusion rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances diffuses into plants during photosynthesis?

<p>Carbon Dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A steeper concentration gradient slows down the rate of diffusion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of low temperatures on enzyme activity?

<p>Enzyme activity decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osmosis in plant cells?

<p>To maintain turgidity and structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins are made from fatty acids and glycerol.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to an animal cell when placed in pure water?

<p>Lysed</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ test is used to indicate the presence of lipids.

<p>ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following polymers with their corresponding monomers:

<p>Starch = Glucose Proteins = Amino Acids Fats = Fatty Acids &amp; Glycerol Cellulose = Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about diffusion is true?

<p>Diffusion is influenced by temperature and concentration gradient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gaseous exchange in the lungs involves carbon dioxide diffusing from red blood cells to alveoli.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color does iodine turn in the presence of starch?

<p>Blue/Black</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water moves through a __________ membrane by osmosis.

<p>partially permeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of surface area in the process of diffusion?

<p>It enhances the rate of diffusion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Enzyme Optimum Temperature

The temperature at which an enzyme works fastest.

Enzyme Denaturation

Enzyme's shape change due to high temperature,losing function.

Diffusion

Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration.

Diffusion in Lungs

Oxygen moves from alveoli to blood, as CO2 moves in the opposite direction.

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Diffusion in Plants

CO2 enters leaves and O2 exits for photosynthesis purposes.

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Factors Affecting Diffusion

Temperature, surface area, and concentration gradient impact diffusion rate.

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Active Transport

Movement of particles across a membrane against the concentration gradient, needing energy.

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Importance of Active Transport

Essential for moving important substances across membranes against concentration gradients.

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Monomer

A small molecule that combines with other similar molecules to form a larger molecule (polymer).

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Polymer

A large molecule made up of repeating smaller molecules (monomers).

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Osmosis

The movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a selectively permeable membrane.

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Water Potential

A measure of the tendency of water to move from one area to another.

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Turgid

Plant cell swollen and firm due to water intake.

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Plasmolysed

Plant cell shrinks due to water loss.

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Carbohydrates

Biological molecules made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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Proteins

Biological molecules made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.

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Lipids

Biological molecules made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes fats and oils.

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Gas Exchange in Lungs

Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (tiny air sacs) into red blood cells, while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction.

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Surface Area and Diffusion

A larger surface area provides more space for particles to move, increasing the rate of diffusion.

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What are carbohydrates made of?

Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).

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What are proteins made of?

Proteins are made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur (CHONS).

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What are fats made of?

Fats are made from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).

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What do monomers make up?

Monomers are small molecules that combine to form larger molecules called polymers.

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What is starch made from?

Starch is a polymer made from chains of glucose monomers.

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What is glycogen made from?

Glycogen is a branched chain of glucose monomers.

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What is cellulose made from?

Cellulose is a straight chain of glucose monomers.

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What is osmosis?

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential.

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What happens in a plant cell in pure water?

Water enters the cell by osmosis, making the cell turgid (swollen and firm).

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What happens to an animal cell in a concentrated solution?

Water leaves the cell by osmosis, causing the cell to crenate (shrink and shrivel).

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Optimum Temperature for Enzymes

The temperature at which an enzyme functions most effectively. For humans, this is generally 37°C.

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How Temperature Affects Enzyme Activity

As temperature increases, enzyme activity also increases until it reaches an optimum point. Beyond this point, activity decreases due to denaturation.

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Diffusion in Living Organisms

The movement of molecules from a high concentration area to a low concentration area, without energy input. Crucial for gas exchange in lungs and plants.

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Why is Diffusion Important for Gas Exchange?

Diffusion allows oxygen to move from the lungs to the blood and carbon dioxide to move from the blood to the lungs, ensuring respiration.

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Active Transport vs. Diffusion

Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy, while diffusion moves molecules down the gradient, passively.

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Active Transport: Importance

This process is essential for cells to obtain vital nutrients and eliminate waste products, even when those substances are less concentrated outside the cell.

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Optimum Temperature

The temperature at which an enzyme works most efficiently, resulting in the fastest reaction rate.

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Gaseous Exchange: Lungs

Oxygen gas diffuses from the alveoli (tiny air sacs) in the lungs into the red blood cells, while carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction.

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Gas Exchange: Plants

Carbon dioxide diffuses into leaves for photosynthesis, while oxygen produced during photosynthesis diffuses out into the air.

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Study Notes

Enzyme Activity and Temperature

  • Enzymes function optimally at a specific temperature.
  • For the human body, the optimal temperature is 37°C.
  • High temperatures disrupt the bonds holding the enzyme together, causing it to lose its shape (denaturation).
  • Low temperatures decrease enzyme activity due to reduced kinetic energy, resulting in fewer collisions and product formation.

Enzyme Activity and pH

  • Enzymes have an optimal pH range at which their activity is highest.

Diffusion

  • Diffusion is the movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration due to random movement.
  • Several substances move into and out of cells through the cell membrane by diffusion.

Gas Exchange in Lungs

  • Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) to red blood cells.
  • The high oxygen concentration in the alveoli and low oxygen concentration in the blood drive the diffusion.

Gas Exchange in Plants

  • Plants absorb carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen.
  • Carbon dioxide diffuses into leaf cells.

Factors Affecting Diffusion Rate

  • Surface Area: Increased surface area leads to increased diffusion rates. Examples include alveoli in lungs and root hair cells.
  • Temperature: Higher temperatures increase particle movement and accelerate diffusion.
  • Concentration Gradient: A larger difference in concentration between areas speeds up diffusion.

Active Transport

  • Active transport moves particles against a concentration gradient, requiring energy from respiration.
  • It's crucial for transporting molecules and ions across membranes, such as ion uptake by root hair cells.
  • In root hair cells, ions are absorbed from soil (lower ion concentration) to the cell (higher ion concentration).

Biological Molecules

  • Carbohydrates: Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).
  • Proteins: Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur (CHONS).
  • Fats (Lipids): Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).
  • Large molecules (polymers) are built from smaller molecules (monomers).
  • Examples include: starch (glucose monomers), glycogen (glucose monomers), cellulose (glucose monomers), proteins (amino acid monomers), and fats (fatty acid and glycerol monomers).

Biochemical Tests

  • Iodine: Used to test for starch (blue/black color change).
  • Benedict's Solution: Used to test for glucose (brick-red color change).
  • Biuret Solution: Used to test for proteins (purple color change).
  • Ethanol: Used to test for lipids (cloudy solution).

Osmosis

  • Osmosis is the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from a high water potential (dilute solution) to a low water potential (concentrated solution).

Effects of Osmosis on Cells

  • Plant cell in pure water: Water enters the cell causing it to become turgid (firm).
  • Plant cell in equal concentration solution: No net movement of water, cell becomes flaccid.
  • Plant cell in concentrated solution: Water leaves the cell causing it to plasmolyze (shrink).
  • Animal cell in pure water: Water enters the cell causing it to lyse (burst).
  • Animal cell in equal concentration solution: No net movement of water, cell is normal.
  • Animal cell in concentrated solution: Water leaves the cell causing it to crenate (shrink).

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Explore the fascinating roles of enzymes in biological processes and how temperature and pH affect their activity. Additionally, learn about diffusion mechanisms in gas exchange both in lungs and plants. This quiz will test your understanding of these essential biological concepts.

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