Biology Chapter: Enzyme Activity and Diffusion
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Questions and Answers

What occurs to enzymes when the temperature exceeds their optimum level?

  • They become more active.
  • They denature and lose their shape. (correct)
  • They increase substrate affinity.
  • Their active site becomes more flexible.

    • How does low temperature affect enzyme activity?

  • Enzymes become denatured.
  • Enzymes have increased kinetic energy.
  • Enzyme activity and product formation decrease. (correct)
  • Enzymes and substrates collide more frequently.

    • Which factor increases the rate of diffusion?

  • Increased membrane thickness.
  • Decreased surface area.
  • Steeper concentration gradients. (correct)
  • Lower temperatures.

    • What is the primary function of active transport in cells?

    <p>To transport particles against their concentration gradient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the rate of diffusion in a biological system?

    <p>Surface area and temperature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the process of diffusion?

    <p>Net movement from higher concentration to lower concentration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the lungs, oxygen gas primarily moves from the alveoli into red blood cells by which mechanism?

    <p>Diffusion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does temperature affect diffusion rates in cells?

    <p>Higher temperatures increase kinetic energy, enhancing diffusion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes osmosis?

    <p>The movement of water from high water potential to low water potential. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a plant cell placed in a concentrated solution?

    <p>It becomes plasmolysed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are proteins primarily made from?

    <p>Amino acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial color of Biuret solution before testing for proteins?

    <p>Blue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biochemical test turns cloudy when a lipid is present?

    <p>Ethanol. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do root hair cells absorb ions from the soil?

    <p>Using active transport. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor influencing the rate of diffusion?

    <p>Temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of starch as a polymer?

    <p>Acts primarily as a storage carbohydrate in plants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes diffusion?

    <p>It is the random movement of particles from high to low concentration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is NOT found in proteins?

    <p>Phosphorus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to enzymes when exposed to high temperatures beyond their optimum temperature?

    <p>They become denatured and lose their shape. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes diffusion?

    <p>It is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of low temperatures on enzyme activity?

    <p>They decrease kinetic energy, resulting in lower activity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT increase the rate of diffusion?

    <p>Decreasing the concentration gradient. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which oxygen is exchanged in the lungs?

    <p>Simple diffusion from alveoli into red blood cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process uses energy to move particles against a concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the surface area of alveoli affect gas exchange?

    <p>A larger surface area enhances the rate of gas exchange. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plants, how does carbon dioxide move into leaves?

    <p>Through diffusion from a high concentration in the atmosphere to a lower concentration in cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when a plant cell is placed in pure water?

    <p>The cell becomes turgid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test would change from blue to brick red if glucose is present?

    <p>Benedict's test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of fats?

    <p>Fatty acids and glycerol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes osmosis?

    <p>The net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does increasing the temperature affect diffusion?

    <p>Increases the kinetic energy of particles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of structure is formed by starch at the molecular level?

    <p>Chain of hexagons made from glucose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an animal cell in a concentrated solution?

    <p>Cell undergoes crenation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about diffusion is true?

    <p>It is the movement from high to low concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which polymer is directly made from glucose?

    <p>Starch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the original color of iodine solution before testing for starch?

    <p>Orange/Yellow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to enzymes when exposed to high temperatures?

    <p>They become denatured (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An increase in surface area decreases the rate of diffusion.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism for the exchange of oxygen in the lungs?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The optimum temperature for enzyme activity in the human body is _____ °C.

    <p>37</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors with their effect on diffusion:

    <p>Higher Temperature = Increases kinetic energy of particles Larger Surface Area = Increases rate of diffusion Steeper Concentration Gradient = Increases diffusion rate Lower Concentration = Decreases diffusion rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is active transport primarily used for in living organisms?

    <p>To move particles from low to high concentration using energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzyme activity decreases as temperature decreases, due to increased kinetic energy.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives passive diffusion of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide in living organisms?

    <p>Concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of proteins?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose is a monomer of cellulose.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the test used for detecting starch?

    <p>Iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fats are made up of fatty acids and __________.

    <p>glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following polymers with their monomers:

    <p>Starch = Glucose Proteins = Amino Acids Cellulose = Glucose Fats = Fatty Acids &amp; Glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of placing a plant cell in pure water?

    <p>Turgid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Animal cells can become lysed when placed in a concentrated solution.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement is osmosis?

    <p>Diffusion of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The initial color of Benedict's solution is __________.

    <p>blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs to enzymes when subjected to high temperatures beyond their optimum level?

    <p>They become denatured. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes work fastest at temperatures lower than their optimum temperature.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of active transport in cells?

    <p>To move particles against a concentration gradient using energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In gas exchange, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into __________ cells.

    <p>red blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a lower temperature have on enzyme-substrate interactions?

    <p>Decreases the kinetic energy of particles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diffusion is the movement of particles from lower concentration to higher concentration.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to enzyme activity as the temperature exceeds the optimum level?

    <p>Enzyme activity decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do large molecules like proteins break down into?

    <p>Amino Acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osmosis refers to the movement of particles from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial color of the iodine test for starch?

    <p>Orange/Yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Polysaccharides are made from __________.

    <p>monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following biochemical tests with their positive results:

    <p>Iodine = Blue/Black Benedict's = Brick Red Biuret = Purple Ethanol = Cloudy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are made from glucose?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Osmosis causes plant cells in a concentrated solution to become turgid.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the structural units called that combine to form fats?

    <p>Fatty Acids and Glycerol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher __________ to a region of lower concentration.

    <p>concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Optimum Temperature for Enzymes

    The temperature at which enzymes work fastest.

    Enzyme Denaturation

    Enzyme loses its shape due to high temperatures, affecting its function

    Effect of Low Temperature on Enzymes

    Lower kinetic energy, fewer collisions, slower enzyme activity.

    Diffusion

    Net movement of particles from high to low concentration.

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    Diffusion in Gas Exchange (Lungs)

    Oxygen moves from alveoli (lungs) to blood due to concentration difference.

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    Diffusion in Plants

    CO2 enters leaves, oxygen leaves, for photosynthesis.

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    Factors Affecting Diffusion Rate

    Surface area, temperature, and concentration gradient influence diffusion speed.

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    Active Transport

    Movement against concentration gradient using energy.

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    Monomers

    Small molecules that combine to form larger molecules (polymers).

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    Polymer

    Large molecule formed from repeating units of monomers.

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    Starch

    A polymer of glucose, a storage carbohydrate in plants.

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    Glycogen

    A branched polymer of glucose, a storage carbohydrate in animals.

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    Osmosis

    The movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from a high water potential to a low water potential.

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    Plant cell in pure water

    Water enters the cell by osmosis, and the cell becomes turgid (firm).

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    Animal cell in pure water

    Water enters the cell by osmosis, and the cell bursts (lyse).

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    Iodine test for starch

    Iodine solution turns blue-black in the presence of starch.

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    Benedict's test for glucose

    Benedict's solution turns brick-red in the presence of glucose.

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    What makes up carbs, fats, and proteins?

    Carbohydrates: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO). Fats: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO). Proteins: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur (CHONS).

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    Cellulose

    A structural carbohydrate found in plant cell walls, made from glucose.

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    Proteins

    Polymers made of amino acids, involved in many functions like muscle building, hair, cell membranes.

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    Fats (Oils)

    Made from fatty acids and glycerol, important for cell membranes and long-term energy storage.

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    Turgid

    Plant cell that is swollen and firm due to water entering the cell.

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    Enzyme Activity and Temperature

    Enzymes work best at their optimum temperature, but high temperatures can denature them, while low temperatures slow down their activity.

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    Diffusion: High to Low

    Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration due to random motion.

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    Gaseous Exchange: Lungs

    Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (tiny air sacs in the lungs) into red blood cells because there's a higher concentration in the alveoli.

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    Gaseous Exchange: Plants

    Plants absorb CO₂ for photosynthesis and release oxygen as a byproduct. Diffusion drives this exchange.

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    Factors Influencing Diffusion

    Surface area, temperature, and concentration gradient all affect the speed of diffusion.

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    Active Transport: Against the Gradient

    Active transport uses energy to move particles across a membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration.

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    Importance of Active Transport

    Active transport is crucial for moving important molecules and ions across cell membranes to maintain the right balance.

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    Diffusion in Living Organisms

    Diffusion is vital for many processes in living things, including gas exchange, nutrient absorption, and waste removal.

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    Diffusion: Movement of Particles

    The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration due to random motion.

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    What are carbohydrates made of?

    Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).

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    What are proteins made of?

    Proteins are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur (CHONS).

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    What are fats made of?

    Fats are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).

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    What is a monomer?

    A monomer is a small molecule that can join with other monomers to form a polymer.

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    What is a polymer?

    A polymer is a large molecule made up of many repeating units of monomers.

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    What is starch made from?

    Starch is a polymer made from glucose.

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    What is glycogen made from?

    Glycogen is a polymer made from glucose.

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    What is osmosis?

    Osmosis is the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential.

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    What is diffusion?

    Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration as a result of their random movement.

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    What are three factors affecting diffusion?

    The three main factors affecting diffusion are surface area, temperature, and concentration gradient.

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    Optimal Enzyme Temperature

    The temperature at which an enzyme functions most effectively.

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    Active Transport: Vital Function

    Active transport enables cells to maintain their internal environments by moving essential molecules against concentration gradients.

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    Study Notes

    Enzyme Activity and Temperature

    • Enzymes work optimally at a specific temperature.
    • For the human body, the optimum temperature is 37°C.
    • High temperatures cause enzyme denaturation by breaking bonds, altering shape, and thus the active site.
    • Low temperatures result in lower enzyme activity due to reduced kinetic energy and fewer collisions between enzymes and substrates.
    • Enzyme activity, generally, increases with temperature until optimal temperature, then decreases with further increase.

    Diffusion

    • Diffusion is the net movement of particles from high to low concentration due to random movement.
    • Diffusion is key for substances entering and leaving cells.
    • Gaseous Exchange in the Lungs: Oxygen diffuses from alveoli (lungs) into red blood cells, and CO2 diffuses out.
    • Gas Exchange in Plants: CO2 diffuses into leaves for photosynthesis, and O2 diffuses out.
    • Factors affecting the rate of diffusion:
      • Surface Area: A larger surface area increases the rate (e.g., alveoli, root hairs).
      • Temperature: Higher temperatures speed up diffusion by increasing particle kinetic energy.
      • Concentration Gradient: Larger differences in concentration increase the rate.

    Active Transport

    • Active transport moves particles against a concentration gradient (from low to high concentration).
    • This process requires energy from respiration.
    • Example: Ion uptake by root hair cells where soil has lower ion concentration than root cells.

    Biological Molecules

    • Carbohydrates: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO)
    • Proteins: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur (CHONS)
    • Fats (Lipids): Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO)
    • Large molecules (polymers) are formed from smaller molecules (monomers):
      • Starch/Glycogen from glucose
      • Proteins from amino acids
      • Fats from fatty acids and glycerol.
    • Biochemical Tests:
      • Iodine: Identifies Starch (blue/black color change).
      • Benedict's solution: Identifies Glucose (brick-red color change).
      • Biuret solution: Identifies Proteins (purple color change).
      • Ethanol: Identifies Fats/Oils(cloudy).

    Osmosis

    • Osmosis is the movement of water from a higher water potential (dilute solution) to a lower water potential (concentrated solution) through a partially permeable membrane.
    • Effects on plant cells:
      • Pure water: Water entering, cell becomes turgid.
      • Equal concentration: No net movement, cell becomes flaccid.
      • Concentrated solution: Water leaving, cell becomes plasmolysed.
    • Effects on animal cells:
      • Pure water: Water entering, cell bursts (lysis).
      • Equal concentration: No net movement, cell maintains normal shape.
      • Concentrated solution: Water leaving, cell shrinks (crenation).

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    Description

    Explore the effects of temperature on enzyme activity and the process of diffusion in biological systems. Learn how enzymes function optimally at 37°C and how diffusion facilitates gas exchange in the lungs and plants. This quiz will test your understanding of these key biological concepts.

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