Biology Chapter: Energy and Respiration

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Questions and Answers

What is produced during anaerobic respiration in yeast?

Alcohol and carbon dioxide (correct)

Lactic acid

Glucose and oxygen

Carbon dioxide and water

Which statement describes anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?

It produces lactic acid without carbon dioxide. (correct)

It uses oxygen to release energy.

It occurs in the mitochondria.

It produces alcohol.

Which of the following best distinguishes aerobic respiration from anaerobic respiration?

Anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen. (correct)

Anaerobic respiration produces more energy than aerobic respiration.

Aerobic respiration produces lactic acid.

Aerobic respiration requires glucose only.

What is the main reason muscle cells switch to anaerobic respiration during vigorous exercise?

To continue energy production when oxygen supply is low. Signup and view all the answers

In which cellular location does anaerobic respiration take place?

In the cytoplasm Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about anaerobic respiration?

It produces a large amount of energy from glucose. Signup and view all the answers

Which organism primarily undergoes anaerobic respiration to produce alcohol?

Yeast Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during anaerobic respiration in plants during short periods?

They convert glucose into alcohol. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of alveoli in the human breathing system?

To facilitate the exchange of gases Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of gas exchange surfaces enhances their efficiency?

They have a large surface area Signup and view all the answers

What happens to carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration?

It is produced as a waste product and must be removed Signup and view all the answers

What role do goblet cells play in the respiratory system?

To produce mucus to trap dust and moisten air Signup and view all the answers

Why are the trachea and bronchi supported by rings of cartilage?

To prevent collapse and maintain open pathways for airflow Signup and view all the answers

How does air enter the body through the respiratory system?

Through either the nose or mouth Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of gas exchange surfaces allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse efficiently?

They are extremely thin Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cilia in the respiratory system?

To move mucus and trap particles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary nutrient used by cells to provide energy?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

Where do most of the reactions in aerobic respiration occur?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs when cells release energy from glucose in the absence of oxygen?

Anaerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a product of aerobic respiration?

Carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the functions of energy supplied by respiration in human cells?

Transmitting nerve impulses Signup and view all the answers

What is the balanced equation for aerobic respiration?

$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 ightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O$ Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities would most likely increase breathing rate?

Running Signup and view all the answers

What is not a reason why cells need energy?

Building DNA Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the brain to send nerve impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to increase breathing rate?

A fall in pH due to high carbon dioxide or lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs in the mitochondria and requires oxygen?

Aerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

What is the main byproduct of anaerobic respiration in humans?

Lactic acid Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in humans is primarily responsible for gas exchange?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What effect does an increase in temperature have on the rate of respiration in yeast until a certain point?

The rate increases Signup and view all the answers

How does physical activity affect the rate and depth of breathing?

It increases them to supply extra oxygen to muscles Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the muscles involved in breathing when exhaling?

They relax, allowing the thorax volume to decrease Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of gas exchange surfaces in terrestrial animals?

They have a large surface area and thin walls Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cartilage in the trachea?

To prevent the trachea from collapsing Signup and view all the answers

During inspiration, which statement is true regarding the diaphragm?

It contracts and moves downwards Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the volume of the thorax during expiration?

It decreases as the diaphragm relaxes Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles assist in expanding the thorax during inhalation?

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles Signup and view all the answers

Where does gas exchange primarily occur in the respiratory system?

In the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

How is the rate of breathing primarily regulated?

By the brain monitoring blood pH Signup and view all the answers

What role do bronchioles play in the respiratory system?

They transport air to the alveoli Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the rib cage is raised during inhalation?

The thorax's volume increases Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Using energy

Living cells need energy for various functions: muscle contraction, protein synthesis, cell division, active transport, growth, nerve impulse transmission, and maintaining body temperature.
Glucose is the primary energy source for cells.
Respiration breaks down glucose to release energy.
Respiration is a metabolic reaction controlled by enzymes.

Aerobic Respiration

Occurs in mitochondria.
Glucose is combined with oxygen to release energy.
Produces water and carbon dioxide.
Equation:

glucose+oxygen→carbon dioxide+waterglucose + oxygen \rightarrow carbon \space dioxide + waterglucose+oxygen→carbon dioxide+water

C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2OC_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O

Anaerobic Respiration

Occurs in the cytoplasm.
Glucose is broken down without oxygen.
Produces less energy than aerobic respiration.
Yeast produces alcohol and carbon dioxide.
Humans produce lactic acid.
Muscle cells can respire anaerobically during vigorous exercise.

### Gas Exchange Surfaces

Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the body through gas exchange surfaces.
Must be permeable to gases.
Features for efficient gas exchange: thin for rapid diffusion, close to a transport system, large surface area for efficient gas exchange, and a good oxygen supply.

The Human Breathing System

Consists of lungs, windpipe (trachea), nose, mouth, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
Alveoli are the gas exchange surfaces.
Trachea has rings of cartilage to prevent collapse.

Breathing Movements

Breathing in (inspiration) involves:
- Contraction of the diaphragm, pulling it downwards.
- Contraction of external intercostal muscles, pulling the rib cage upwards and outwards.
Breathing out (expiration) involves:
- Relaxation of the diaphragm, allowing it to spring back up.
- Relaxation of external intercostal muscles, allowing the rib cage to move downwards.

Control of Breathing Rate

Brain monitors blood pH.
An increase in carbon dioxide or lactic acid in the blood lowers pH.
Brain triggers faster and deeper breaths by stimulating diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Summary

Organisms need energy for various life processes, and this energy is obtained through respiration.
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and produces significant energy, water, and carbon dioxide.
Anaerobic respiration is less efficient, does not use oxygen, and produces lactic acid in humans or ethanol and carbon dioxide in yeast.
Gas exchange surfaces are specialized areas for oxygen entry and carbon dioxide removal.
Human respiration involves lung ventilation through the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli.
Breathing movements are controlled by diaphragm and intercostal muscles, increasing thoracic volume during inspiration and decreasing it during expiration.
The brain regulates breathing rate based on blood pH, increasing it in response to elevated carbon dioxide or lactic acid levels.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts related to energy usage in living cells, including aerobic and anaerobic respiration. It also explores gas exchange and metabolic reactions that manage energy production. Test your understanding of how glucose and oxygen interact to produce energy.