Biology Chapter: Electron Transport and Photosynthesis

High-energy electrons provide the energy needed to drive proton pumps, which create a proton gradient.

The proton gradient allows protons to flow back into the matrix/stroma through ATP synthase, driving the phosphorylation of ADP to produce ATP.

Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, allowing the process of electron transport to continue.

<p>Proton pumps actively transport protons from the matrix/stroma into the intermembrane space or thylakoid space, establishing a concentration gradient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxidative phosphorylation is the process of ATP generation linked to the electron transport chain and the flow of protons through ATP synthase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary function of chloroplasts is to conduct photosynthesis, absorbing light energy to produce glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In low light, chloroplasts distribute evenly throughout the cytoplasm, while in high light, they align in vertical columns against the cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromatography separates photosynthetic pigments, allowing for the identification and analysis of their properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Rf value is calculated by dividing the distance moved by the pigment from the origin by the distance moved by the solvent front from the origin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photosynthetic pigments absorb specific wavelengths of light, which is essential for converting light energy into chemical energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorophyll a predominantly absorbs light at 435 nm (blue) and 670-680 nm (red), which correlates with the high rate of photosynthesis observed in these regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorophyll b absorbs light in the blue and orange-yellow regions, whereas chlorophyll a absorbs strongly in the blue and red regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The action spectrum demonstrates the rate of photosynthesis across different wavelengths, showing a close correlation with the absorption peaks of chlorophyll pigments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carotenoids absorb light in the blue and green regions, complementing chlorophyll by capturing additional light energy for photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The wavelengths absorbed by pigments like chlorophyll a and b correspond with the highest rates of photosynthesis, indicating their crucial role in energy capture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorophyll a molecules absorb light energy and release high-energy electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cyclic photophosphorylation uses only PSI and recycles electrons back to PSI, while non-cyclic involves both PSI and PSII and does not recycle electrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The antenna complex captures light energy and transfers it to the reaction center while preventing the escape of this energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These electrons are transferred to PSI and play a crucial role in forming NADPH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photophosphorylation is vital as it converts ADP into ATP using light energy, which is essential for powering various cellular processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main purpose was to determine which wavelengths of light are most effective for photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He used a prism to separate white light into its constituent colors to study their effects on photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It indicated that these wavelengths are associated with higher rates of oxygen production during photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accessory pigments help absorb a broader range of wavelengths, enhancing the light harvesting process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen production serves as an indicator of photosynthetic activity and helps determine the effectiveness of different light wavelengths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Light harvesting primarily occurs in the antenna complexes within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlorophyll a is crucial because it primarily participates in the reaction center of the antenna complexes, directly facilitating photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Engelmann concluded that blue and red light are the most effective wavelengths for photosynthesis in <em>Spirogyra</em>.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triose phosphate (TP) and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RuBisCo</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP provides the energy needed to convert GP into TP and regenerate RuBP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced NADP supplies the reducing power needed to convert GP into TP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycerate-3-phosphate (GP) and Sugar phosphates/diphosphates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comparing autoradiographs of different time intervals helps in understanding the progression and formation of various compounds during the Calvin cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids like alanine and glycine, and the disaccharide sucrose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Darker and larger spots indicate a greater amount of the specific compound present in the sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids require the initial formation of compounds like Glycerate-3-phosphate before they can be synthesized, which takes time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The products of photolysis are electrons, protons, and oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photolysis provides the electrons needed to replace those lost from PSII during non-cyclic photophosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced NADP acts as a reducing power that is essential for the Calvin cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Z scheme illustrates the flow of electrons through photosystems I and II and highlights the electron transport process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen diffuses out of the chloroplast as a waste product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ATP provides the energy and reduced NADP provides the electrons needed to fix carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The proton gradient, generated by the electron transport chain, drives ATP synthesis during photophosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Photolysis occurs in the thylakoid space of the chloroplast.</p> Signup and view all the answers