Biology Chapter: DNA and Epigenetics Quiz

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Which of the following components make up a nucleotide in DNA?

Nitrogenous base (correct)
Phosphate group (correct)
Ribose sugar
Corn sugar

The strands of DNA run in the same direction.

False (B)

What role do histones play in the organization of DNA?

Histones help compact DNA into nucleosomes, organizing it into a compact structure.

During DNA replication, _____ breaks the hydrogen bonds between the strands.

DNA helicase Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of RNA with its role in protein synthesis:

mRNA = Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosome tRNA = Transfers amino acids during protein synthesis rRNA = Forms the core of ribosomes and helps in protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DNA ligase during DNA replication?

Seals gaps between DNA sections (A) Signup and view all the answers

RNA contains thymine as one of its nitrogenous bases.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Name the nitrogenous bases found in DNA.

Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) Signup and view all the answers

What impact can chronic stress have on the epigenome?

It can alter histone acetylation patterns. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Maternal nutrition during pregnancy can cause epigenetic changes in the fetus that affect metabolic health later in life.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of environmental factor that can influence the epigenome.

Diet, stress, or exposure to toxins. Signup and view all the answers

Exposure to environmental toxins like heavy metals can alter DNA ______ patterns associated with various diseases.

methylation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following environmental factors with their effects on the epigenome:

Stress = Changes in histone acetylation Diet = Alters DNA methylation patterns Toxin Exposure = Associated with cancer Nutrition = Epigenetic changes in the fetus Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

It transfers specific amino acids to the ribosome (B) Signup and view all the answers

Stop codons signal the beginning of translation.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does RNA polymerase do during transcription?

It synthesizes RNA by transcribing the DNA template. Signup and view all the answers

The genetic code is stored in sequences of nucleotides groups called ______.

codons Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components with their functions in protein synthesis:

tRNA = Transfers amino acids to ribosomes rRNA = Forms the core of ribosome structure Codon = Three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA Anticodon = Three-nucleotide sequence on tRNA Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of acetylation on histone proteins?

It reduces the attraction between histones and DNA (C) Signup and view all the answers

DNA methylation typically enhances gene expression.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What are two factors that affect gene expression?

Transcription factors and environmental conditions. Signup and view all the answers

The complex of DNA and histone proteins is known as ______.

chromatin Signup and view all the answers

Which start codon signals the beginning of translation?

AUG (D) Signup and view all the answers

Epigenetics involves changes to the DNA sequence.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Name one way gene expression can be inherited across generations.

Epigenetic changes influenced by environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

During translation, tRNA molecules bind to ______ on mRNA.

codons Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their definitions:

Methylation = Addition of methyl groups that can repress gene expression Acetylation = Addition of acetyl groups that allows easier access to DNA Transcription = Process of copying DNA to mRNA Translation = Decoding mRNA into a polypeptide chain Signup and view all the answers

DNA Structure

DNA is a double helix formed by two strands of nucleotides.

Nucleotide Components

Each nucleotide has a phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base (A, T, C, or G).