Biology Chapter: Coordination and Response
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the myelin sheath?

  • Protects and insulates the nerve fibers (correct)
  • Stores neurotransmitters
  • Transmits electrical impulses
  • Increases signal strength

    • Which structure is involved in transmitting nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system?

  • Axon (correct)
  • Synapse
  • Ganglion
  • Dendron

    • What occurs first in the stages of reflex action?

  • Receptor cells send sensory impulses (correct)
  • Muscles contract
  • Synapse formation occurs
  • Impulses are transmitted through the motor neuron

    • What defines the synapse in neural communication?

    <p>A junction where neurotransmitters diffuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ganglions?

    <p>Responsible for higher cognitive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the reflex arc in the nervous system?

    <p>It enables a rapid response without the need for higher brain centers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do nodes of Ranvier play in nerve impulse transmission?

    <p>They facilitate faster transmission by allowing saltatory conduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is one-way transmission important at synapses?

    <p>It prevents the backflow of impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes voluntary actions from involuntary actions?

    <p>Voluntary actions involve conscious control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a synapse is responsible for the transfer of neurotransmitters?

    <p>Synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an impulse lead to neurotransmitter release at the synapse?

    <p>An impulse triggers vesicles to release neurotransmitters into the cleft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of synapses in a reflex arc?

    <p>Ensure impulses travel in one direction only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the central nervous system (CNS) is correct?

    <p>The CNS integrates impulses and produces nerve impulses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the spinal cord play in the nervous system?

    <p>Conducting impulses from sense organs below the neck.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a motor neuron in the nervous system?

    <p>Transmits impulses to skeletal muscles or glands from the CNS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is known to act upon synapses?

    <p>Heroin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the neurotransmitter in a synapse?

    <p>It binds to receptor molecules to transmit signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the central nervous system's (CNS) function?

    <p>It produces nerve impulses and integrates incoming information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a reflex arc, what ensures that impulses travel in one direction?

    <p>The arrangement of synapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes voluntary actions within the nervous system?

    <p>They require conscious thought and muscle coordination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the spinal cord?

    <p>To conduct impulses to and from the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a sensory neuron from a motor neuron?

    <p>Motor neurons connect the CNS to effector organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do many drugs, such as heroin, affect the nervous system?

    <p>They interfere with the normal functioning of synapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do effectors play in the coordination system?

    <p>They go into action in response to impulses from the nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one function of the myelin sheath?

    <p>To increase the speed of transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way is the structure of a ganglion adapted for its function?

    <p>Possesses a long axon, dendron, and nerve ending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage follows the transmission of sensory impulses to the central nervous system?

    <p>The sensory neuron forms a synapse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of synaptic vesicles in the synapse?

    <p>To contain neurotransmitters for impulse transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the reflex arc in the nervous system?

    <p>It integrates stimuli with responses quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of the synapse that ensures effective communication between neurons?

    <p>It ensures one-way transmission of impulses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the structure of receptor cells contribute to their function?

    <p>They possess specialized membranes to detect stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus?

    <p>Reflex action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Coordination and Response

    • The nervous system and endocrine system are essential for coordination in the body.
    • Receptors detect stimuli (changes in the environment).
    • Effectors carry out responses to maintain homeostasis.

    Key Points

    • Voluntary actions are under conscious control.
    • Involuntary actions are automatic (e.g., reflexes).
    • Synapses are junctions between neurons.
    • Neurotransmitters carry signals across the synapse.
    • Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles.
    • The synaptic cleft is the space between neurons.
    • Receptor molecules on the receiving neuron bind to neurotransmitters.
    • Reflex arcs ensure impulses travel in one direction.
    • Drugs like heroin affect synapses.

    Coordination System: The Nervous System

    • The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord.
    • The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
    • Impulses are received by receptors and transmitted to the CNS.
    • The CNS processes the information and sends signals to effectors.
    • The nervous system controls many functions like movement and responses.

    Coordination System: The Endocrine System

    • Involved in communication and coordination within the body.
    • Works by releasing hormones into the bloodstream.
    • Hormones regulate various bodily activities and processes.

    Sense Organs

    • Groups of receptor cells that respond to specific stimuli.
    • Examples include receptors in the eyes, ears, and skin.

    Spinal Cord

    • Conducts impulses from the brain to the effectors below the neck.
    • Controls reflex actions below the neck.
    • Carries impulses from sense organs below the neck to the brain.
    • Consists of nerve cells and supporting tissues.
      • Has a front and back, containing spinal nerves.
      • Contains nerves that send and receive messages.

    The Neuron

    • The basic unit of the nervous system.
      • Sensory neurons transmit impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS.
      • Motor neurons carry impulses from the CNS to effectors.
      • Relay/interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS, processing information.
    • The neuron consists of a cell body, axon, and dendrites.

    Myelin Sheath

    • Layers of fat that cover the axons of some neurons.
    • Increases the speed of impulse transmission.
    • Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath.

    Synapse

    • Junction between two neurons.
    • Impulses are transmitted across the synapse through neurotransmitters.
    • Neurotransmitters are chemicals stored in synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals.
      • Neurotransmitters diffuse across a synaptic cleft.
      • Neurotransmitter has to be removed from the gap.

    Nerve Impulse Transmission

    • Electro-chemical signals travel down nerve fibres.
    • Ganglia contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons.
    • Ganglia are a swelling in the sensory neuron, containing the cell bodies. They adapt to their functions and have long axons and dendrons. They have dendrites to receive impulses from other cells and myelin sheath.
    • Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft in a one-way direction activating the post-synaptic membrane.

    Reflex Action

    • Rapid, involuntary response to a stimulus.
    • Does not involve conscious thought.
    • Important for survival and learning.

    Reflex Arc

    • Pathway of impulses in reflex action.
    • Receptors detect a stimulus.
    • Impulses travel along sensory neurons to the spinal cord or brain (dorsal root).
    • Impulses pass through relay neurons in the CNS.
    • Impulses travel along motor neurons to effectors (ventral root).
    • Effectors carry out the response.

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    Coordination and Response IGCSE Biology PDF 2024

    Description

    Explore the intricate systems that maintain coordination in the body through the nervous and endocrine systems. This quiz covers key concepts such as voluntary and involuntary actions, synapses, neurotransmitters, and the structure of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

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