Questions and Answers
The first person to classify animals in a way that still makes sense today was?
The broadest category in the system of classification, below kingdom, is the phylum.
True
In the Linnaean system of scientific nomenclature, a single species is identified by a binomial, which consists of the following:
The largest group or taxa is the?
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The branches of a cladogram represent real lineages that occurred in the evolutionary past.
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In Lake Baikal, there exists the world's only freshwater seal. It lives nowhere else. This is an example of?
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The species concept includes all of the following ideas, with the exception of?
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Two different monophyletic groups that share common ancestry with each other more recently than either does with other taxa are known as?
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A polytypic species contains one subspecies whose subspecific name is a repetition of the species epithet and one or more additional subspecies whose names differ.
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For sexually reproducing populations, interbreeding is critical for maintaining a reproductive community. For organisms whose reproduction is strictly asexual, reproductive community entails occupation of a particular evolutionary niche.
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The biological species concept has several problems, one of them being the emphasis on interbreeding as the criterion of reproductive community.
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Phylogenetic analysis depends upon finding among organisms, shared features that are inherited from a common ancestor.
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The examination of the varying shapes and sizes of organisms, including their developmental origins is?
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Birds and butterflies both have wings. However, they do not share a recent, common ancestor. Therefore the possession of wings in this case is called?
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Comparative biochemistry compares the sequences of amino acids in proteins as well as?
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Phylogenetic systematics was first proposed by?
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A taxon is considered to be monophyletic if it includes the most recent common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor.
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The hierarchical rankings within the Eukarya are as follows: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Order, Class, Family, Genus, and Species.
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From a cladistic perspective, the term reptile would NOT include both lizards and birds.
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An ancestral character shared by members of a clade is called a symplesiomorphy.
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The phylogenetic species concept includes sexually and asexually reproducing organisms and includes polyphyletic groups.
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An alternative to Linnean taxonomy is called?
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Molecular phylogenetic results place four phyla classified as deuterostomes in the Protostomia, with two major monophyletic groups called the Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa.
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The seven major categories of taxonomic ranks from least inclusive to most inclusive are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
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Study Notes
Classification of Organisms
- Linnaeus is recognized as the first to classify animals in a systematic way still relevant today.
- The phylum is the broadest category in taxonomic classification below the kingdom.
- A species in the Linnaean system is identified by a binomial name, derived from its genus and species.
- Kingdom represents the largest taxonomic group among the classifications.
Cladograms and Species Concepts
- Cladograms illustrate relationships but the branches do not represent actual historical lineages.
- Endemic species, such as the unique freshwater seal of Lake Baikal, exist only in specific locations.
- The concept of species includes the ideas of reproductive community, distinct groupings, common descent, and geographic range.
Taxonomic Relationships
- Sister groups are defined as two different monophyletic groups with a more recent common ancestor than with any other taxa.
- Polytypic species may have subspecies whose names include the species epithet and others with distinct names.
Reproductive Community and Evolution
- For sexually reproducing populations, interbreeding is crucial for maintaining reproductive communities; however, this concept differs for asexual organisms.
- The biological species concept faces criticism due to its focus on interbreeding as the main criterion.
- Phylogenetic analysis identifies shared features inherited from common ancestors.
Morphology and Evolutionary Traits
- Comparative morphology studies the shapes and sizes of organisms, exploring developmental origins.
- Homoplasy describes the presence of similar traits (like wings) in species that do not share a recent common ancestor (e.g., birds and butterflies).
- Comparative biochemistry analyzes similarities in nucleotide sequences alongside protein structures.
Taxonomic Systems and Concepts
- Phylogenetic systematics was first proposed by Hennig, reshaping the understanding of evolutionary relationships.
- A monophyletic taxon includes a common ancestor and all its descendants.
- Taxonomic ranks are hierarchically ordered, but the order provided (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, etc.) is inaccurate; Class follows Phylum, not Order.
- Alternative classification systems like PhyloCode move beyond traditional Linnaean taxonomy.
Additional Concepts in Phylogeny
- Molecular phylogenetic studies suggest four phyla currently classified as deuterostomes might fit better within Protostomia, categorized into Ecdysozoa and Lophotrochozoa.
- Symplesiomorphies are ancestral characters shared by members of a clade, contributing to the understanding of shared traits over evolutionary time.
- The phylogenetic species concept attempts to encompass both sexual and asexual organisms but excludes polyphyletic groups in its criteria.
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Description
This quiz explores the foundational principles of biological classification, including the work of Linnaeus and the significance of taxonomic categories such as kingdom and phylum. It also covers cladograms, species concepts, and the relationships between different organisms. Test your knowledge on these essential concepts in biology!
