Biology Chapter: Classification of Living Organisms
50 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following kingdoms contains organisms that are both unicellular and multicellular?

  • Fungi
  • Animalia
  • Plantae
  • Protista (correct)

    • Which domain consists of organisms that all have a nucleus?

  • Eukarya (correct)
  • Bacteria
  • Prokaryotes
  • Archaea

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living organisms?

  • Movement
  • Photosynthesis (correct)
  • Reproduction
  • Sensitivity

    • Which kingdom contains organisms that are heterotrophic and have cell walls made of chitin?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a geographical barrier that can prevent mating between organisms?

    <p>A mountain range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria?

    <p>Archaebacteria are found in extreme environments, Eubacteria are not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that can keep organisms apart?

    <p>Genetic mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a characteristic of Eubacteria?

    <p>Cell walls made of peptidoglycans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of respiration in living organisms?

    <p>To release energy from food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a heterotrophic organism?

    <p>A mushroom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a gene in the context of an organism's traits?

    <p>It codes for proteins that determine traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many copies of each chromosome are present in the human genome?

    <p>6 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the specific location of a gene on a chromosome?

    <p>Locus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase is characterized by the replication of DNA in the cell cycle?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main purposes of the cell cycle?

    <p>To create daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately how many genes code for proteins in the human genome?

    <p>25,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>Primary growth and maturation of new cells take place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle directly involves mitosis?

    <p>M phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary inheritance pattern for red-green colorblindness?

    <p>Sex-linked recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chromosome carries the gene responsible for red-green colorblindness?

    <p>X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about red-green colorblindness is true?

    <p>A person with Turner Syndrome may have this condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pedigree chart primarily used for?

    <p>To track inheritance for a single gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is an example of an autosomal recessive condition?

    <p>Cystic Fibrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many alleles for the red-green colorblindness gene do females have?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of spermatogenesis?

    <p>Four motile sperm cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chromosome contains autosomal traits?

    <p>The first 22 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does oogenesis differ from spermatogenesis?

    <p>Results in one mature ovum and polar bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely reason for the lower prevalence of red-green colorblindness in females?

    <p>They have two X chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process significantly contributes to genetic diversity during gametogenesis?

    <p>Crossing-over and independent assortment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the chromosomes during meiosis is accurate?

    <p>Meiosis results in haploid cells with half the chromosome number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the mature sperm cell?

    <p>Spermatozoon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the process of crossing-over?

    <p>Chromatids exchange segments of their DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of polar bodies formed during oogenesis?

    <p>They disintegrate and cannot be fertilized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding germ cells?

    <p>They give rise to sperm and egg cells through meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Noninvasive Prenatal Testing (NIPT)?

    <p>To find genetic markers in fetal DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of NIPT in terms of cost?

    <p>It is only covered by OHIP for those meeting specific criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main risk associated with amniocentesis?

    <p>Increased risk of miscarriage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'inviability' refer to in the context of pregnancy?

    <p>An error during meiosis or early mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model of inheritance was proposed before Mendel's work?

    <p>The Blending Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic made pea plants ideal for Mendel's genetic studies?

    <p>They had a short life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Mendel's experiments, what is the process of self-pollination?

    <p>Pollen from a plant lands on its own pistil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding errors in genetic replication during early development?

    <p>They are the most common cause of miscarriage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of nondisjunction during Meiosis I?

    <p>Both homologous chromosomes move to the same pole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition describes having three copies of a chromosome?

    <p>Trisomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gametes are produced as a result of nondisjunction?

    <p>Gametes with 22 or 24 chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding monosomy?

    <p>It is a condition with only one chromosome from a homologous pair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Down Syndrome most commonly caused?

    <p>Nondisjunction in the female parent during meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of trisomy?

    <p>The presence of an extra chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What chromosome abnormality is most closely associated with increased age of the female parent?

    <p>Down Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is referred to when an individual has three or more copies of a specific chromosome?

    <p>Polysomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biology Exam Review

    • Ian Hobdari is the instructor
    • The review covers lessons 1-8 for Diversity of Living Things, lessons 1-8 for Genetics, lessons 1-6 for Evolution, and lessons 1-4 for Animal Systems.

    Diversity of Living Things - Lesson 1

    • Biodiversity: The variety of life on Earth
    • Characteristics of Living Things: Made of cells, respond to their environment, reproduce, adapt to surroundings, grow and develop, use and need energy (remembered by "MR RAGU")
    • Biological Species: A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. Labradoodles can produce offspring, while a zorse (zebra + horse) cannot
    • Taxonomy: The branch of biology that classifies organisms and assigns them universally accepted names.
    • Three Levels of Biodiversity: Genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecological diversity
    • Threats to Biodiversity: Habitat loss, invasive species, population decline, pollution, and over-exploitation

    Darwin's Theory of Evolution

    • Organisms produce more offspring than can survive: Intense competition for resources
    • Individuals best suited to their environment: Survive and reproduce
    • Species change over time: "Natural selection"
    • Early attempts at classification: Organisms grouped by plants and animals, then by land, air, or water dwellers
    • Linnaeus's system: Classification based on structural similarity
    • Binomial nomenclature: System of assigning two-part scientific names
    • Modern taxonomy: Based on evolutionary relationships (phylogeny) represented by phylogenetic trees.

    Darwin's System of Classification

    • Homologous structures: Similar structure, different function (evidence of common ancestry)
    • Analogous structures: Different structure, similar function
    • Vestigial structures: Reduced structures with no apparent current function
    • Three ways to determine if organism are similar: biochemical similarities, genetic similarities, and embryological similarities

    Modern Taxonomy

    • Domains: Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea
    • Kingdoms: A broader level than Domain

    Binomial Nomenclature

    • Two-word system using Latin
    • First word is the genus (capitalized) and second is the species (not capitalized)
    • Ex: Tiger (Panthera tigris)

    Modern Taxonomy

    -Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of an organism
-Scientists construct a phylogenetic tree to show evolutionary relationships
-A phylogenetic tree is a family tree that shows evolutionary relationships thought to exist
among different groups of organisms

    Modern Taxonomy-Cladistics

    -Method of classifying organisms based on shared derived characters
-Shared derived characters are “evolutionary innovations” arising in organisms over time
-Cladograms are diagrams showing evolutionary relationships among organisms

    Domains and Kingdoms

    • Monera kingdom: Bacteria and blue-green algae
    • Six known kingdoms and three domains
    • Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia -Kingdom comparisons would list each of these with characteristics such as cell type, cell organisation, and obtaining food

    All Living Things

    • Structure: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic. Cell walls (thickness and rigidness), presence of chloroplasts
    • Organization: Unicellular vs. Multicellular
    • Food Getting: Autotrophs (make own food) vs. Heterotrophs (eat other organisms)

    Viruses

    • Non-living: Cannot perform required processes of life, only can reproduce within a host cell
    • Structure: Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) in core, surrounded by capsid (protein coat), some with outer envelope
    • Replication: Lytic or lysogenic cycles -There are two different types of ways viruses can replicate within a host cell: the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle

    Genetics - Lesson 1

    • Genetics: The scientific study of genes, heredity, and genetic variations
    • Trait: A characteristic of an organism
    • Heredity: How information is passed on from one generation to the next
    • Chromosomes: Molecules forming pieces in the nucleus of cells (DNA)

    DNA Structure

    • Nucleic acid molecules (DNA)
    • DNA is made of pieces (genes) that code for proteins
    • Stored in chromosomes located in the nucleus
    • Composed of four nitrogen bases: A, T, C, G
    • Form the backbone of a nucleic acid
    • The four types of nucleotides occur in DNA -Adenine (A) -Cytosine (C) -Guanine (G) -Thymine (T).

    Genes, Loci, and the Genetic Sequence

    • The order of nitrogenous bases is a code (language)
    • Code is read in sections (“genes”) by cell equipment; it creates proteins
    • The location of a gene on a chromosome is called the locus (loci) of the gene
    • Proteins are responsible for traits in organisms (eye color, height, etc).

    The Cell Cycle

    • Purpose: Create daughter cells
    • Stages: G1, S, G2, mitosis, cytokinesis

    Cell Division (Mitosis)

    • Process: Ensures genetic continuity creating two identical cells from original
    • Purpose: Creates two identical daughter cells, allowing for growth, tissue repair and maintenance

    Apoptosis

    • Programmed cell death
    • Crucial for normal development and eliminating cells that have developed incorrectly or damaged cells

    Mitosis - Lesson 2

    • Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
    • Summary of mitosis phase, explaining what happens during each stage.

    Chromosome vs Chromatid

    • Explain the difference between chromosomes and chromatids
    • Summary of Chromosome and Chromatid

    Mutations

    • Changes to genetic material: DNA
    • Positive or negative impacts: On the organism and/or offspring
    • Main source of genetic variability: Among species and individuals
    • Types of mutations: Errors in DNA replication

    Polygenic Traits

    • Traits controlled by several genes (not just one)
    • Examples: Hair, skin, eye and eye color, height
    • Controlled by the expression of many genes, often on different chromosomes
    • A combination of many genes combined result in a range of phenotypes

    Sex Chromosomes

    • Determine sex (example the X and Y chromosomes).
    • Sex-linked traits show up more frequently in offspring of one sex
    • Example traits: Red-green colorblindness, hemophilia, Duchene muscular dystrophy

    Pedigrees

    • Graphic representation of a family tree
    • Tracks inheritance patterns of a particular trait
    • Symbols: Male phenotypic sex, female phenotypic sex, affected trait by trait, undetermined sex,
    • Identifies individuals, their relationship to each other and the trait under study.

    Human Inheritance Patterns

    • Can be autosomal (on non-sex chromosomes) or sex-linked
    • Autosomal traits appear equally in both sexes
    • Sex-linked traits often appear more often in one sex
    • Important for tracking and understanding diseases, conditions and traits that are passed down generations

    Population Genetics

    • The study of genetic variations within populations
    • Examines how the allele frequencies change over time due to mechanisms causing variations.
    • Microevolution: Describes changes in allele frequency within a population
    • Macroevolution: Describes major changes in organisms over time
    • Important in explaining diversity in organisms

    Mechanisms of Microevolution

    • Natural selection: Organisms with favorable traits leave more offspring, thus passing those traits on.
    • Mutation: Process that creates new alleles.
    • Sex selection: Non-random mating preference
    • Genetic drift: Random changes in allele frequency (especially pronounced in smaller populations).
    • Gene flow: Movement of alleles from or to a population.

    Natural Selection

    • Variation in traits and competition
    • Survival of the fittest
    • Reproduction; Passing on traits

    Types of Natural Selection

    • Stabilizing selection: Favors intermediate traits & reduces extreme traits.
    • Directional selection: Favors one extreme trait; Shifts population towards extreme traits.
    • Disruptive/Diversifying selection: Favors two extremes traits; Creates a wider range of traits.

    Forces of Microevolution: Mutation

    • Random changes in an organism's DNA sequence
    • Lead to variations in offspring
    • Rate of mutations is low
    • Can be beneficial, neutral, and/or harmful

    Forces of Microevolution: Gene Flow

    • Movement of alleles between populations
    • Can introduce new alleles or change allele frequencies in the population(s)
    • Influenced by migration

    Forces of Microevolution: Genetic Drift

    • Random change in allele frequency due to chance events
    • More significant in small populations
    • Examples: Bottleneck Effect (disasters reduce population size) and Founder Effect (small group migrating to new area)

    Animal Systems - Lesson 1

    • Key Concepts: Nutrients for energy, food processing, Digestive System, Gastrointestinal Tract
    • Essential nutrients: Categories as Macronutrients (Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats, Water). Micronutrients (Vitamins, Minerals)
    • Food Processing: Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Egestion stages
    • Systems involved in food processing: Digestive system, circulatory system
    • Essential role of water: Transport, lubrication, nutrient delivery
    • Metabolic rate/calorie production: Cellular processes needing energy

    Animal Systems - Lesson 2

    • Digestive System: Organs & Pathways. Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Rectum, Anus; Accessory organs: Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder

    • Digestion processes: Mechanical vs. Chemical.

    Animal Systems - Lesson 3

    • Circulatory System: Organs, Pathways & Functions. Heart, Blood vessels (Arteries, Veins, Capillaries), Blood (Plasma, Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Platelets).
    • Blood components: Function of each
    • Blood Vessels: Structure, function of each

    Animal Systems - Lesson 4

    • Respiratory System: Organs, Pathways & Function. Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli.
    • Process of breathing: Inhalation, Exhalation
    • Gas exchange: External respiration, Internal respiration, Cellular respiration
    • Respiratory Tract: Air passageways
    • Anatomy of Larynx: Vocal cords
    • Lower Respiratory Tract: Air passageways in the lungs

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Biology Exam Review PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the classification of living organisms with this quiz. It covers various aspects such as kingdoms, domains, and characteristics of organisms. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of biology concepts related to living organisms.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser