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Questions and Answers
What 3 main parts does a cell consist of?
What 3 main parts does a cell consist of?
nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane
What houses the genetic material?
What houses the genetic material?
the nucleus
What contains the organelles?
What contains the organelles?
the cytoplasm
What forms the outer boundary of the cell?
What forms the outer boundary of the cell?
The cell membrane is ____________________ and is ____________________ permeable.
The cell membrane is ____________________ and is ____________________ permeable.
What regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, participates in signal transduction, and helps cells adhere to other cells?
What regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, participates in signal transduction, and helps cells adhere to other cells?
What does the basic framework of the cell membrane consist of?
What does the basic framework of the cell membrane consist of?
Many types of __________________ are found in the cell membrane.
Many types of __________________ are found in the cell membrane.
What are some of the functions of the proteins found in the cell membrane?
What are some of the functions of the proteins found in the cell membrane?
What is the clear liquid found in the cytoplasm called?
What is the clear liquid found in the cytoplasm called?
What is the supportive framework in the cytoplasm called?
What is the supportive framework in the cytoplasm called?
What does the cytoplasm consist of?
What does the cytoplasm consist of?
What is the endoplasmic reticulum made up of?
What is the endoplasmic reticulum made up of?
What does the endoplasmic reticulum provide?
What does the endoplasmic reticulum provide?
Why does the rough ER appear rough?
Why does the rough ER appear rough?
What does rough ER synthesize and transport for the cell?
What does rough ER synthesize and transport for the cell?
Why does smooth ER appear smooth?
Why does smooth ER appear smooth?
What does smooth ER synthesize for the cell?
What does smooth ER synthesize for the cell?
Where are ribosomes found?
Where are ribosomes found?
What are ribosomes composed of?
What are ribosomes composed of?
What do ribosomes help produce?
What do ribosomes help produce?
What is the Golgi apparatus composed of?
What is the Golgi apparatus composed of?
What does the Golgi apparatus package?
What does the Golgi apparatus package?
Why would a cell want to package the cell's products?
Why would a cell want to package the cell's products?
What does the mitochondria contain?
What does the mitochondria contain?
The mitochondria is a major site for what?
The mitochondria is a major site for what?
Lysosomes contain enzymes to break down what?
Lysosomes contain enzymes to break down what?
Peroxisomes contain enzymes that function in the process of what?
Peroxisomes contain enzymes that function in the process of what?
What are microfilaments and microtubules?
What are microfilaments and microtubules?
What are microfilaments made of?
What are microfilaments made of?
What do microfilaments do?
What do microfilaments do?
What are microtubules made of?
What are microtubules made of?
The centrosome is made up of two hollow cylinders called what?
The centrosome is made up of two hollow cylinders called what?
What is the purpose of the centrioles during mitosis?
What is the purpose of the centrioles during mitosis?
What are cilia and flagella?
What are cilia and flagella?
Which is shorter (cilia or flagella)?
Which is shorter (cilia or flagella)?
What is the cilia's function in the human body?
What is the cilia's function in the human body?
What is the only flagellated cell in the body?
What is the only flagellated cell in the body?
What do vesicles form from?
What do vesicles form from?
What do vesicles carry?
What do vesicles carry?
The nucleus is bound by what?
The nucleus is bound by what?
What does the nuclear envelope contain?
What does the nuclear envelope contain?
Where is the nucleolus found?
Where is the nucleolus found?
Does the nucleolus have its own membrane?
Does the nucleolus have its own membrane?
What chemicals is the nucleolus made of?
What chemicals is the nucleolus made of?
What chemicals is the chromatin made of?
What chemicals is the chromatin made of?
What does the cell membrane control?
What does the cell membrane control?
What is it called when mechanisms of movement across the cell membrane are passive, requiring no energy from the cell?
What is it called when mechanisms of movement across the cell membrane are passive, requiring no energy from the cell?
4 examples of passive transport?
4 examples of passive transport?
Is a cell required for passive transport to occur?
Is a cell required for passive transport to occur?
What is diffusion?
What is diffusion?
What are some examples of substances that diffuse in the human body?
What are some examples of substances that diffuse in the human body?
What is the only substance that moves by osmosis?
What is the only substance that moves by osmosis?
What pressure results from osmosis?
What pressure results from osmosis?
What process uses membrane proteins that function as carriers to move molecules (such as glucose) across the cell membrane?
What process uses membrane proteins that function as carriers to move molecules (such as glucose) across the cell membrane?
What is a solution with the same osmotic pressure as body fluids called?
What is a solution with the same osmotic pressure as body fluids called?
What is a solution with higher osmotic pressure than body fluids called?
What is a solution with higher osmotic pressure than body fluids called?
What is a solution with a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids called?
What is a solution with a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids called?
Because of ____________________ pressure, molecules can be forced through membranes by the process of filtration.
Because of ____________________ pressure, molecules can be forced through membranes by the process of filtration.
What is a type of pressure (in the body) that causes filtration?
What is a type of pressure (in the body) that causes filtration?
Where does blood filtration occur?
Where does blood filtration occur?
What is active transport?
What is active transport?
Active transport requires what?
Active transport requires what?
Why would the body want to spend energy to acquire (or get rid of) something?
Why would the body want to spend energy to acquire (or get rid of) something?
What happens in endocytosis?
What happens in endocytosis?
What is exocytosis?
What is exocytosis?
What is pinocytosis?
What is pinocytosis?
What is phagocytosis?
What is phagocytosis?
What is the cell cycle?
What is the cell cycle?
The cell cycle consists of what four major stages?
The cell cycle consists of what four major stages?
The cell cycle is highly regulated.
The cell cycle is highly regulated.
Cells have a maximum number of times they can be divided because of built-in 'clocks' called ____________________ on the tips of chromosomes.
Cells have a maximum number of times they can be divided because of built-in 'clocks' called ____________________ on the tips of chromosomes.
What are the two types of cell division?
What are the two types of cell division?
How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis?
How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis?
Are the daughter cells identical to the 'mother' cell?
Are the daughter cells identical to the 'mother' cell?
What is interphase?
What is interphase?
What occurs during the S phase of interphase?
What occurs during the S phase of interphase?
What structure disappears during prophase?
What structure disappears during prophase?
What appears or becomes visible during prophase?
What appears or becomes visible during prophase?
Why is metaphase the easiest to see on a microscope slide?
Why is metaphase the easiest to see on a microscope slide?
What events characterize anaphase?
What events characterize anaphase?
What structure reappears during telophase?
What structure reappears during telophase?
What have the chromosomes done in telophase?
What have the chromosomes done in telophase?
What begins during anaphase of mitosis and continues as the cell pinches into two new cells?
What begins during anaphase of mitosis and continues as the cell pinches into two new cells?
What is differentiation?
What is differentiation?
What controls differentiation?
What controls differentiation?
What is the term for the death of a cell that is a normal part of development?
What is the term for the death of a cell that is a normal part of development?
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Study Notes
Cellular Structure
- Cells consist of three main parts: nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane.
- The nucleus houses genetic material.
- Cytoplasm contains organelles and is made of cytosol, cytoskeleton, and networks of membranes.
Cell Membrane
- Forms the outer boundary of cells and is thin and selectively permeable.
- Regulates movement of substances, participates in signal transduction, and aids in cell adhesion.
- Composed of a double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins.
Organelles and Their Functions
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) provides a tubular transport system; rough ER synthesizes proteins due to attached ribosomes; smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
- Ribosomes, found in the cytoplasm or attached to rough ER, are composed of protein and RNA, aiding in protein production.
- The Golgi apparatus packages cell products for transport outside the cell.
Mitochondria and Energy Production
- Mitochondria contain enzymes for aerobic respiration and are the main site for ATP production, capturing energy from food.
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
- Lysosomes contain enzymes for breaking down cell components, bacteria, nutrients, toxins, and drugs.
- Peroxisomes contain enzymes for bile acid synthesis, lipid breakdown, and detoxification processes.
Cytoskeleton Components
- Microfilaments (made of actin) and microtubules (made of tubulin) serve as the cell's supportive framework and aid in cellular movements.
- Centrioles in the centrosome help in chromosome distribution during mitosis.
Cell Movement Structures
- Cilia and flagella are motile extensions from cells; cilia are shorter and move substances across the cell surface, while the sperm cell is the body’s only flagellated cell.
Nucleus Structure
- The nucleus is enveloped by a double-layered nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores for selective passage.
- The nucleolus, within the nucleus, is involved in ribosome construction and is made of proteins and RNA.
Interactions with Substances
- The cell membrane controls substance passage; mechanisms can be passive (requiring no energy) or active (requiring energy).
- Types of passive transport include diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.
Cell Transport Mechanisms
- Active transport, using energy (ATP) and transport proteins, moves substances against concentration gradients.
- Endocytosis engulfs large molecules, while exocytosis releases materials from the cell.
Cell Cycle and Division
- The cell cycle consists of interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis, and differentiation, with specific regulatory mechanisms.
- Telomeres limit cell division frequency. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells.
Phases of Mitosis
- Mitosis includes prophase (disappearance of the nuclear envelope), metaphase (chromosomes align centrally), anaphase (chromatids are pulled apart), and telophase (reformation of the nuclear envelope).
Differentiation and Cell Death
- Differentiation develops specialized cells by turning genes on or off.
- Apoptosis is the normal cell death process during development, which is essential for maintaining health.
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