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Questions and Answers
What is the maximum magnification of a compound light microscope?
What is the maximum magnification of a compound light microscope?
- 100x
- 200,000x
- 1000x (correct)
- 2,000,000x
Rudolf Virchow discovered that all plants are made of cells.
Rudolf Virchow discovered that all plants are made of cells.
False (B)
Name one function of the cell membrane.
Name one function of the cell membrane.
It covers the cell's surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of the cell and the environment.
The organelle responsible for producing ATP is the ________.
The organelle responsible for producing ATP is the ________.
Match the following cell structures with their primary function:
Match the following cell structures with their primary function:
What type of microscope is used to examine non-living cells?
What type of microscope is used to examine non-living cells?
The cytoplasm includes the gel-like fluid inside the cell.
The cytoplasm includes the gel-like fluid inside the cell.
What unique structure do plant cells have that provides support and protection?
What unique structure do plant cells have that provides support and protection?
_______ are membrane-bound pouches that contain enzymes to break down waste.
_______ are membrane-bound pouches that contain enzymes to break down waste.
Which of the following is NOT found in animal cells?
Which of the following is NOT found in animal cells?
Flashcards
Compound Light Microscope
Compound Light Microscope
A microscope that uses light and lenses to magnify images of cells and other small structures up to 1000x.
Electron Microscope
Electron Microscope
A microscope that uses a beam of electrons to magnify images of cells and their components to very high levels (up to 2,000,000x).
Cell Theory
Cell Theory
The scientific theory that states that all living organisms are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
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Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
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Centrioles
Centrioles
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Nucleus
Nucleus
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria
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Cell Wall
Cell Wall
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Chloroplast
Chloroplast
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Study Notes
Microscopes
- Compound Light Microscope: Can examine living cells, magnifies up to 1000x, not sufficient for most organelles.
- Electron Microscope: Examines only non-living cells, magnifies up to 2,000,000x, studies cell structures and surfaces.
Levels of Organization
- Smallest to Largest: Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism.
Cells
- Basic Unit of Life: All living organisms are composed of cells, which are the basic units of structure and function.
- Cell Theory: All cells come from pre-existing cells (Rudolf Virchow, 1855). Schleiden (1838) and Schwann (1839) determined that plants and animals, respectively, are also made of cells.
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
- Function: Acts as a barrier between the cell's interior and the environment.
- Structure: Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and carbohydrates for selective permeability and cell-cell recognition.
Cytoskeleton
- Function: Provides cell movement, shape, and division.
- Examples: Cilia, flagella, pseudopods, centrioles.
Centrioles
- Location: Animal cells only.
- Role: Involved in cell division.
Cell Parts
- Cytoplasm: Gel-like fluid (cytosol) containing cytoskeleton and organelles.
- Nucleus: Contains DNA, controls cell activities, found only in eukaryotic cells.
- Ribosomes: Produce proteins, located in the cytoplasm or on the rough ER.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
- Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes, produces lipids, detoxifies substances.
- Rough ER: Has ribosomes, produces proteins.
- Golgi Apparatus: Receives, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids.
- Vacuole: Membrane-bound storage sac for water, nutrients, ions, and waste, larger in plant central vacuole.
- Lysosomes: Membrane-bound sacs with enzymes for waste breakdown.
- Mitochondria: Found in all eukaryotic cells, produces ATP through cellular respiration.
- Chloroplasts: Found in plants and some protists, site of photosynthesis.
- Cell Wall: A rigid structure in plants, fungi, and some protists that provides support and protection.
- Extracellular Matrix (ECM): Found in animals, functions in support, adhesion, movement and regulation.
Cell Types
- Animal Cells: Contain lysosomes, centrioles, cilia, and flagella.
- Plant Cells: Contain a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.
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