Biology Chapter: Cell Structure and Function
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Questions and Answers

Homeostasis refers to the ability of organisms to maintain a stable internal environment.

True (A)

What is the primary focus of ecology?

The interactions between organisms and their environment.

Which of the following is NOT a key component of the hierarchical system of classification?

  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Species
  • Habitat (correct)

    • The movement of elements like carbon, nitrogen, and water through living and non-living parts of ecosystems is described by ______ cycles.

    <p>biogeochemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following biological concepts with their definitions:

    <p>Organism Physiology = The study of the normal functions of living organisms Biodiversity = The maintenance of a stable internal environment in organisms Ecosystem = A community of organisms interacting with their physical environment Homeostasis = The variety of life on Earth at all levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key branch of biology?

    <p>Geology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondria?

    <p>Energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of converting DNA information into proteins is called ______.

    <p>translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major class of biological molecules?

    <p>Vitamins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:

    <p>DNA = The molecule that stores and transmits genetic information RNA = A molecule involved in protein synthesis Gene = A segment of DNA that codes for a protein Mutation = A change in the DNA sequence Evolution = The change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Briefly explain the concept of natural selection.

    <p>Natural selection is the process where organisms with traits that make them better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on these advantageous traits to their offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genetic drift is a random process that can change the frequency of alleles in a population.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Biology

    The scientific study of life and living organisms.

    Cell Theory

    Cells are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms.

    Prokaryotic Cells

    Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

    Eukaryotic Cells

    Cells that possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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    Carbohydrates

    Biological molecules that provide energy and structural support.

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    Proteins

    Molecules that perform diverse roles including catalysis and structure.

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    Natural Selection

    The process where organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce.

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    Mutation

    A change in DNA that can lead to variations in organisms.

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    Biodiversity

    The variety of life on Earth at all levels, from genes to ecosystems, resulting from evolutionary processes.

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    Biogeochemical cycles

    Describes the movement of elements (like carbon, nitrogen, water) through living and non-living parts of ecosystems.

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    Homeostasis

    The maintenance of a stable internal environment in organisms through feedback loops regulating bodily processes.

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    Physiology

    The study of normal functions of living organisms, including organ functions and their interrelationships.

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    Study Notes

    Biology Overview

    • Biology is the scientific study of life, encompassing a wide range of topics.
    • It explores the structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution of living organisms.
    • Key branches include botany (plants), zoology (animals), microbiology (microorganisms), and genetics (heredity).
    • The scientific method is crucial in biological research, involving observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, data analysis, and drawing conclusions.
    • Cell theory states that cells are the fundamental structural and functional units of all living organisms.

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Cells demonstrate varied structures and functions adapted to their roles in organisms.
    • Key components include the cell membrane (regulating entry/exit), cytoplasm (gel-like substance), nucleus (housing genetic material), and diverse organelles.
    • Examples of organelles are mitochondria (energy production), ribosomes (protein synthesis), and endoplasmic reticulum (protein modification).
    • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells possess these features.
    • Various organelles perform specialized tasks to maintain cell structure and function.

    Biological Molecules

    • Four primary classes of biological molecules are essential for life: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
    • Carbohydrates supply energy and provide structural support.
    • Lipids store energy, form membranes, and act as hormones.
    • Proteins perform diverse functions including catalysis, transport, and structural roles.
    • Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information (DNA and RNA).

    Genetics

    • Genetics explores heredity, the transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
    • Genes, segments of DNA, code for proteins.
    • DNA replication accurately duplicates genetic material.
    • Transcription and translation convert DNA information into proteins.
    • Mutations in DNA can cause variations and heritable changes in organisms.

    Evolution

    • Evolution is the change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over generations.
    • Natural selection, where organisms better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more efficiently, drives evolution.
    • Genetic drift, random alterations in allele frequencies, can also influence evolution.
    • Speciation is the formation of new, distinct species during evolution.
    • Biodiversity, the variety of life on Earth (genes to ecosystems), arises from evolutionary processes.

    Ecology

    • Ecology investigates the interactions between organisms and their environment.
    • Ecosystems, communities of organisms interacting with each other and their physical surroundings, are central to ecological studies.
    • Food chains and webs depict energy flow through trophic levels.
    • Biogeochemical cycles (e.g., carbon, nitrogen, water) describe the movement of elements between living and non-living parts of ecosystems.
    • Human impact on the environment is a critical area of ecological study.

    Classification

    • Biology employs a hierarchical classification system to organize living organisms.
    • Carl Linnaeus developed the system, arranging species based on shared characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
    • This system spans various levels, from species to domain, reflecting the hierarchical nature of life's diversity.

    Homeostasis

    • Homeostasis maintains a stable internal environment in organisms.
    • Feedback loops regulate bodily functions like temperature, pH, and water balance to ensure optimal operation.

    Organism Physiology

    • Physiology studies the normal functions of living organisms, from molecules to systems.

    • This encompasses organ function and relationships between them.

    • Examples include the functioning of the nervous, circulatory, digestive, and respiratory systems.

    • Biology encompasses a wide range of phenomena, from molecular interactions to complex ecosystems, illustrating the intricate interconnectedness of life.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts of biology, focusing on cell structure and function. You'll explore the critical components of cells, including organelles and their roles, along with the basics of biological research methods. Test your knowledge of how cells contribute to the overall study of life.

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