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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of ribosomes in cells?
What is the primary function of ribosomes in cells?
What makes the rough endoplasmic reticulum 'rough'?
What makes the rough endoplasmic reticulum 'rough'?
What is the role of mRNA during the process of translation?
What is the role of mRNA during the process of translation?
Which of the following structures is involved in the transcription process?
Which of the following structures is involved in the transcription process?
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What does the term 'allele' refer to?
What does the term 'allele' refer to?
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During which step of transcription is the mRNA copy actually created?
During which step of transcription is the mRNA copy actually created?
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What does 'osmosis' specifically refer to?
What does 'osmosis' specifically refer to?
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What is the main function of the genome?
What is the main function of the genome?
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What type of particles are found in the central nucleus of an atom?
What type of particles are found in the central nucleus of an atom?
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Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
Which type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms?
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What is the result of water's cohesion?
What is the result of water's cohesion?
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What causes water to have a reduced density in its solid state?
What causes water to have a reduced density in its solid state?
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What is a primary characteristic of water as a solvent?
What is a primary characteristic of water as a solvent?
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Which statement best describes the effect of heating water on its temperature?
Which statement best describes the effect of heating water on its temperature?
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What happens to an atom when it gains electrons?
What happens to an atom when it gains electrons?
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What type of bond is formed between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom in another molecule?
What type of bond is formed between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom in another molecule?
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What is the main function of the chloroplast in plant cells?
What is the main function of the chloroplast in plant cells?
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Which process describes the movement of water across a membrane?
Which process describes the movement of water across a membrane?
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What is a characteristic of active transport?
What is a characteristic of active transport?
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What type of endocytosis involves engulfing large particles?
What type of endocytosis involves engulfing large particles?
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Which organelle is primarily responsible for generating ATP in eukaryotic cells?
Which organelle is primarily responsible for generating ATP in eukaryotic cells?
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Which function is NOT associated with the cell wall in plant cells?
Which function is NOT associated with the cell wall in plant cells?
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The process of exporting large particles out of a cell is called:
The process of exporting large particles out of a cell is called:
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How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?
How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?
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What is the purpose of a pedigree?
What is the purpose of a pedigree?
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In codominance, what happens in the heterozygote?
In codominance, what happens in the heterozygote?
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What is an example of incomplete dominance?
What is an example of incomplete dominance?
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What does pleiotropy refer to?
What does pleiotropy refer to?
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Why are some traits sex-linked?
Why are some traits sex-linked?
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What is the expected phenotype of offspring from a heterozygous tall plant crossed with a homozygous recessive short plant?
What is the expected phenotype of offspring from a heterozygous tall plant crossed with a homozygous recessive short plant?
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What fraction of the offspring from two true breeding purple flowered plants will likely be white flowered?
What fraction of the offspring from two true breeding purple flowered plants will likely be white flowered?
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What type of inheritance allows for a range of phenotypes, such as height in humans?
What type of inheritance allows for a range of phenotypes, such as height in humans?
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What color will the flowers of the heterozygous plant Cc be?
What color will the flowers of the heterozygous plant Cc be?
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What process typically leads to variation in traits such as human height?
What process typically leads to variation in traits such as human height?
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Why are two genes likely to be linked?
Why are two genes likely to be linked?
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What is one disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
What is one disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
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What is a key advantage of sexual reproduction?
What is a key advantage of sexual reproduction?
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What is genetic drift?
What is genetic drift?
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What is natural selection?
What is natural selection?
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What are alternative versions of a gene called?
What are alternative versions of a gene called?
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Which organisms typically reproduce by binary fission?
Which organisms typically reproduce by binary fission?
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Before mitosis begins, which process must NOT occur?
Before mitosis begins, which process must NOT occur?
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How many haploid cells result from meiosis of a diploid cell?
How many haploid cells result from meiosis of a diploid cell?
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In which stage of mitosis do daughter chromatids reach the poles?
In which stage of mitosis do daughter chromatids reach the poles?
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What fraction of offspring from a cross between a heterozygous plant and a homozygous recessive plant will show the recessive phenotype?
What fraction of offspring from a cross between a heterozygous plant and a homozygous recessive plant will show the recessive phenotype?
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Which of the following best describes genotype and phenotype?
Which of the following best describes genotype and phenotype?
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What does Mendel’s Law of Segregation state?
What does Mendel’s Law of Segregation state?
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What is the purpose of a test cross?
What is the purpose of a test cross?
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Study Notes
Biology 121 Final Exam Study Guide
- 100 points, with 30 multiple-choice questions, matching, and short answer questions
- Short answer sections on chapters not yet covered
- Understand steps of meiosis and other biological processes
- Know figures like meiosis steps; ensure you understand figures
- Helpful Resources:
- Quizlet.com/user/quinnsterlingg/folders/biological-science
- Quizlet.com/985026620/bio-final-flash-cards/
Chapter 1: Scientific Literacy
- General factual understanding of biology, scientific method, along with social implications of scientific information
- Biological literacy means the ability to think critically about global issues, communicate thoughts and integrate the ideas into decision-making processes.
Chapter 1: Scientific Thinking
- The OHPEC method (observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, conclusion)
- Observation: Analyzing the world and asking questions based on gathered information
- Hypothesis: Forming an educated guess (null or alternative) based on observations
- Prediction: Indicating what will occur
- Experimentation: Testing the hypothesis using independent, dependent, and control variables
- Conclusion: Analyzing data and forming conclusions; the process is flexible and can be self-correcting
Chapter 2: Atomic Structure
- Atoms: The smallest unit of matter, which cannot be broken down without losing its properties
- Elements: Materials composed of only one type of atom.
- Atoms are made up of a central nucleus with protons (positive charge), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (negative charge) orbiting the nucleus.
- Ions: Atoms that have gained or lost electrons and now have a charge
Chapter 2: Chemical Bonds
- Covalent: Two atoms share electrons
- Ionic: Two oppositely charged atoms transfer electrons
- Hydrogen: A weaker bond between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom in another molecule. Water exemplifies this.
Chapter 2: Characteristics of Water
- Cohesion: Water molecules stick together
- High Surface Tension: Water's strong cohesion makes it possible for small insects to walk on the surface.
- Reduced Density as a Solid (Ice): Ice is less dense than liquid water. Water molecules are more spaced out to maximize hydrogen bonding.
- High Heat Capacity: Water absorbs significant heat without a large temperature change.
- Good Solvent: Water dissolves many substances due to its polarity (having positive and negative ends)
Chapter 3: Structures and Functions of Carbohydrates and Lipids
- Glucose: A biologically crucial simple sugar, the primary energy source for cells
- Complex Carbohydrates: Multiple sugars joined together (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose)
- Lipids: Large, nonpolar molecules, not soluble in water; important for cell membranes and energy storage.
- Proteins: Composed of amino acids, with various structures and functions in the body (enzymes, structure, signaling)
- Amino acids: Building blocks of proteins, each with a unique side chain.
Chapter 3: Protein Structures
- Primary structure: The unique linear sequence of amino acids
- Secondary structure: Folding patterns (alpha-helices and beta-sheets) held together by hydrogen bonds
- Tertiary structure: Three-dimensional shape of the polypeptide chain
- Quaternary structure: Multiple polypeptide chains combine
Chapter 4: Nucleic Acids
- DNA and RNA: Both polymers built from nucleotides comprising a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base; used for storing genetic information and protein synthesis
- DNA Structure: Double-stranded helix, paired bases adenine with thymine, cytosine with guanine
- RNA structure: Single-stranded
Chapter 4: Cells - Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
- Eukaryotic cells: Containing a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles
- Prokaryotic cells: Lacking a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
Chapter 5: Organelles
- Nucleus: Stores DNA
- Mitochondria: Produces ATP
- Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Protein production
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Lipid synthesis
- Golgi Apparatus: Protein modification/packaging
- Lysosomes: Waste breakdown
- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance filling the cell
- Cytoskeleton: Cell support/movement
- Chloroplasts: Site of photosynthesis
- Cell Wall: Plant support/protection
- Vacuoles: Storage
Chapter 6: Plasma Membrane
- Passive Transport: Movement of substances across a membrane without energy input (diffusion, osmosis)
- Active Transport: Movement of substances against their concentration gradient with energy (ATP)
- Endocytosis: Taking large particles into the cell
- Exocytosis: Moving large particles out of the cell
Chapter 7: DNA and Gene Expression
- Transcription: Copying a gene's sequence into mRNA
- Translation: Using mRNA to create a protein
- Operons: Groups of genes that are coordinately regulated in prokaryotes
- Function and importance of these processes
Chapter 7: Biotechnology
- Uses technology to alter living organisms
- Restriction enzymes & their role in modifying DNA
- Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and their characteristics
- Applications of biotechnology in different fields
Chapter 8: Chromosomes and Cell Division
- Mitosis: Cell division in somatic cells creating two genetically identical daughter cells
- Interphase: Cell cycle phases prior to mitosis (growing, replicating, preparing) (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase)
- Meiosis: Cell division producing gametes (sex cells); results in four genetically different daughter cells
- Stages of meiosis, significance, and variation generation
Chapter 9: Genes and Inheritance
- Genotype: The genetic makeup of an individual
- Phenotype: The observable traits of an individual
- Genotypic vs Phenotypic relationships and their significance, importance, how to represent, and predict results
- Punnett squares
- Test cross: A method to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype
Chapter 9: Inheritance Patterns
- Dominant and recessive alleles
- Incomplete dominance
- Codominance
- Multiple alleles
- Polygenic traits
- Sex-linked traits
Chapter 10: Evolution and Natural Selection
- Evolution: Change in allele frequencies in a population over time
- Mechanisms of evolution: mutation, genetic drift, migration, natural selection
- Fitness: Reproductive success of an individual in a given environment
- Adaptation: Traits that improve an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.
Chapter 11: Ecosystems and Ecology
- Trophic levels, Food Web & chains, Energy Flow
- Competition, Niche, Predation, Symbiotic relationships (parasitism, mutualism, commensalism)
- Succession: The gradual change in species composition within an ecosystem over time
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Description
Test your knowledge on key biological concepts regarding cell functions, such as the roles of ribosomes, mRNA, osmosis, and water properties. This quiz covers important topics in molecular biology that are essential for understanding cellular processes and structures.
