Biology Chapter: Basic Units of Organization
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Questions and Answers

What is the most basic unit of organization in biological systems?

  • Organs
  • Organ Systems
  • Tissues
  • Cells (correct)

What is the role of tissues in relation to organs?

  • Multiple tissues work together to enable organs to perform specific functions. (correct)
  • Tissues conduct gas exchange directly.
  • Tissues act independently of organs.
  • Tissues only provide structural support to organs.

How do plants exchange gases, considering they lack a lung/blood system?

  • Using their vascular system exclusively.
  • Via stomata which allow gases to diffuse in and out. (correct)
  • By actively pumping gases through tissues.
  • Through roots only.

What gases move through plant cells and their surroundings by passive transport?

<p>O2, CO2, H2O (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the role of specialized cells in tissues?

<p>Similar cells cluster together to form tissues that perform a specific function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for organs to perform complex functions?

<p>Collaboration between different tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is correct regarding stomata in leaf cells?

<p>They control the diffusion of gases in and out of the leaf. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the arrangement of tissues in organs like roots and stems?

<p>They work together to enable specific functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of leaves in a plant?

<p>Conduct photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which specialized structure in leaf cells is responsible for trapping light energy?

<p>Chloroplasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do roots perform in a plant?

<p>Uptake water and nutrients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cellular respiration in plant and animal cells mainly occurs in which cellular structure?

<p>Mitochondria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key advantage of multicellularity in organisms?

<p>Larger size and variety of specialized cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cell specialization is true?

<p>Specialized cells work together to ensure plant survival. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall reaction formula for photosynthesis?

<p>6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why must the organization of cells in a leaf be so structured?

<p>To enhance photosynthesis efficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does auxin have on stem cells in plants?

<p>It stimulates their growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which direction do stems typically grow in response to gravity?

<p>Against gravity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do roots utilize gravity to their advantage?

<p>By growing towards gravity to find soil, water, and minerals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological response do touch-sensitive plants like the Venus Fly Trap utilize?

<p>Nastic response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does auxin play in the growth of roots?

<p>It inhibits growth of cells in roots. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes guard cells to swell and open stomata?

<p>Increase in water pressure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the xylem in plants?

<p>Transporting water from roots to leaves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plants in dry, hot climates manage their stomata?

<p>Open stomata at night and close during the day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to turgor pressure when water vapor is lost from a plant?

<p>It decreases, causing guard cells to deflate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows water to enter root hairs?

<p>Osmosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does phloem play in plant transport systems?

<p>Carrying sugars from leaves to other parts of the plant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is xylem sap?

<p>Fluid containing water and minerals collected in xylem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do guard cells change shape?

<p>To regulate the opening and closing of stomata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of companion cells in phloem function?

<p>They assist phloem cells to avoid clogging. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process causes water to move into phloem cells as sugar concentration increases?

<p>Osmosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about phloem sap is accurate?

<p>It is hypertonic in comparison to surrounding cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers plants to exhibit phototropism?

<p>Light as a stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do sugars and nutrients enter the phloem?

<p>Through active transport mechanisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between sugar concentration in phloem cells and water movement?

<p>Higher sugar concentration causes water to enter by osmosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the movement of phloem sap?

<p>It moves from areas of high concentration to low concentration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might occur if companion cells were absent from phloem tissues?

<p>Phloem cells would become clogged with organelles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lenticels in plants?

<p>Gas exchange (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During cellular respiration, what gases are consumed and produced by plants?

<p>O2 consumed, CO2 and H2O produced (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures in leaves are primarily responsible for gas exchange?

<p>Stomata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between stomata opening and transpiration?

<p>Open stomata increase transpiration rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata?

<p>By adjusting their turgor pressure with water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when water is lost from guard cells?

<p>They shrink and cause stomata to close (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary gas used by plants during photosynthesis?

<p>Carbon dioxide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transpiration in plants?

<p>Evaporation of water from stomata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Specialized cells

Cells that are specifically adapted to perform a particular function.

Photosynthesis

The process of converting light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

Cellular respiration

The process of breaking down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.

Chloroplast

The organelle in a plant cell where photosynthesis takes place.

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Mitochondria

The organelle in both plant and animal cells where cellular respiration takes place.

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Tissue

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

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Organ

A structure made up of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function.

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Organ system

A group of organs that work together to perform a related function.

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Gas Exchange in Plants

The process by which plants exchange gases with the environment.

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Stomata

Tiny pores on the surface of leaves that allow gases to diffuse in and out.

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Intercellular spaces

Spaces between cells in a leaf where gases can move.

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Gas diffusion in leaves

The movement of gases through the spaces in leaves.

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What are lenticels?

Tiny pores on stems that allow for gas exchange, similar to stomata on leaves. They help plants breathe!

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What is photosynthesis?

The process where plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create their own food (glucose) and release oxygen as a byproduct.

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What is cellular respiration?

The process where plants break down glucose to release energy and produce carbon dioxide and water. It's how they get energy to grow!

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What is the most important gas exchange organ in a plant?

The main gas exchange organ in plants. It's where most of the CO2 is absorbed and O2 is released.

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What are stomata?

Tiny openings on the surface of leaves that allow for gas exchange. They open and close to regulate CO2, O2, and water movement.

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What is transpiration?

The loss of water vapor from a plant through its leaves, primarily through the stomata. It's a side effect of gas exchange.

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What are guard cells?

Specialized cells that control the opening and closing of stomata. They help regulate gas exchange and prevent dehydration.

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How do stomata open and close?

When lots of water is available in a leaf, guard cells swell up, causing the stomata to open. This allows for gas exchange, but also for water loss. As water is lost, guard cells shrink, causing the stomata to close, reducing water loss.

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Turgor pressure

The pressure exerted by water inside a plant cell against the cell wall.

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Transpiration

The process by which plants lose water vapor through their leaves.

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Xylem

The vascular tissue in plants that transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.

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Phloem

The vascular tissue in plants that transports sugars (made during photosynthesis) from leaves to other parts of the plant.

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Osmosis

The process by which water moves across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

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Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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Water uptake in roots

The uptake of water by the roots of plants.

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Phototropism

The bending of a plant stem in response to light. Cells on the side facing the light elongate less than cells on the opposite side, causing the stem to curve towards the light source.

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Gravitropism

The growth response of a plant to gravity. Stems grow upward (against gravity), while roots grow downward (towards gravity). This ensures the plant can access light and nutrients.

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Auxin

A plant hormone that regulates cell elongation. It plays a crucial role in both phototropism and gravitropism.

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Thigmotropism

A plant's response to touch. Some plants, like the Venus flytrap and Mimosa pudica, have specialized mechanisms that allow them to move rapidly in response to touch.

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Nastic Movement

A plant's rapid movement without a specific direction, often triggered by a sudden stimulus like touch or light. It doesn't involve growth, but rather changes in cell pressure.

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What is phloem transport?

The movement of sugars, minerals and other nutrients through the phloem of a plant.

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What are companion cells?

Specialized cells that work with phloem cells to move sugars effectively.

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What is phototropism?

The process by which plants grow towards a light source.

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How do multicellular organisms respond to stimuli?

Organisms react to changes in their environment by moving or adjusting.

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Define osmosis.

The movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

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What is a hypertonic solution?

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the surrounding solution.

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What is active transport?

The process of moving molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy.

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What is a stimulus?

A change in the environment that triggers a response in an organism.

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Study Notes

Do Now Problems

  • Draw the Lewis structure for carbon tetrafluoride (CFâ‚„). The structure shows a central carbon atom bonded to four fluorine atoms. Each fluorine atom has a single bond to the carbon, and there are lone pairs of electrons around each fluorine atom.

  • What are the three parts of the modern cell theory? Cells are the basic unit of life, all living things are made of cells, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Topic 3a - Specialized and Organized

  • Cells make up all life on Earth. Plants are a group of multicellular organisms that are the basis of the energy requirements for all other organisms on Earth.

Cellular Organization

  • All multicellular organisms are composed of multiple specialized cells, each designed for specific functions.

  • Cells similar in structure and function are grouped together to form tissues.

  • Tissues working together form organs.

  • Organs work together to complete a specific function in an organ system.

  • Several organ systems working together make up an organism

Plant Organs

  • Plants have organs like leaves, stems, and roots.

  • Plant cells take in water and minerals, produce glucose, transport water, etc. Not all plant cells perform all functions. Specialized cells perform specific tasks. All these specialized cells/organs work together for the whole plant to survive.

  • Leaves - main function is photosynthesis (producing food).

  • Stems - transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

  • Roots - take up water and nutrients from the soil.

Cell Specialization in Leaves

  • Leaf cells contain specialized cells that perform photosynthesis in chloroplasts.

  • Chlorophyll traps light energy from the sun that is used in a reaction with water and carbon dioxide.

  • This reaction produces glucose (energy source for plants and animals) and oxygen.

Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis. It is a reaction that occurs in plant and animal cells that uses mitochondria to convert glucose into usable energy (ATP).

  • Leaf cells have different structures and arrangements determined by their specific tasks (functions).

Worksheet - Function/Structure of Leaf Cells

  • The Epidermal cell protects.

  • Palisade Tissue - absorbs light and performs photosynthesis.

  • Spongy Tissue - gas exchange.

  • Stomata - gas exchange.

  • Vascular - transports water and nutrients.

Cell Tissue, Organ, System

  • Advantages of multicellular organisms: large size, variety of specialized cells, and ability to thrive in different environments.

  • However, cells must be very organized.

Gas Exchange in Plants

  • Plants need to exchange gases (CO2, O2, H2O).

  • Stomata are pores on leaves that allow gas exchange; they are controlled by guard cells.

  • Lenticels are pores on stems that allow gas exchange.

  • Stomata and lenticels may open or close to regulate gas exchange.

  • The exchange of gases is coupled with water, and this process is called transpiration.

Water Transport in Plant

  • Water transported via osmosis in individual cells.

  • Water transported over longer distances throughout the whole plant.

  • Xylem transports water from the roots to the leaves, phloem transports sugar from the leaves to the rest of the plants.

Sugar Transport in Phloem

  • Sugars produced in leaves are transported to other parts of the plant via the phloem.

  • Transport occurs through osmosis.

  • Companion cells are important for phloem function because they assist the phloem cells in doing their tasks (like transporting nutrients).

Plant Control Systems

  • Multicellular organisms respond to environmental factors.

  • Plants, like other organisms, respond to environmental changes (tropisms). These responses are often more subtle.

Phototropism

  • Light is an important stimulus for plants.

  • Plants grow towards a light source (phototropism) to maximize photosynthesis.

Gravitropism

  • Plants respond to gravity (gravitropism).

  • Stems grow upwards, roots grow downwards.

  • Auxin affects cell growth rates, causing curves in stems and roots.

Nastic Response

  • Some plants respond quickly to touch (nastic response).

  • Examples include Venus flytrap and Mimosa.

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Topic 3 Complete Notes (PDF)

Description

Test your understanding of the fundamental concepts in biological organization, including the roles of cells, tissues, and organs. This quiz covers essential topics such as gas exchange in plants, the function of specialized cells, and the significance of cellular structures. Challenge yourself to grasp how multicellularity enhances biological functions.

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