Questions and Answers
The energy available in food is used to make an energy-rich compound called?
ATP
First step in releasing the energy of glucose in the cell is known as ____________________.
glycolysis
The process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen is _____________________.
cellular respiration
The net gain of energy from glycolysis is ___________.
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Because fermentation takes place in the absence of oxygen, it is said to be _______________.
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The Krebs cycle takes place within the __________.
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The electron transport chain uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to __________.
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A total of 36 molecules of ATP are produced from 1 molecule of glucose as a result of _____________________.
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During heavy exercise, the buildup of lactic acid in muscle cells results in ___________.
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What is a calorie?
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How do cells use a high-calorie molecule such as glucose?
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How is glucose changed during glycolysis?
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What products are produced as a result of glycolysis?
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What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?
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Name the compounds of the chemical equation for cellular respiration.
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How is NAD+ involved in the products of glycolysis?
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What happens to a cell's NAD+ when large numbers of high-energy electrons are produced in a short time?
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Which two compounds react during fermentation? Which of these passes high-energy electrons to the other?
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Write equations to show how lactic acid (1) fermentation compares with alcoholic fermentation (2).
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How are fermentation and cellular respiration similar? What is the main difference between their starting compounds?
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What happens during the Krebs cycle?
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What happens to the high-energy electrons generated during the Krebs cycle?
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How is ATP synthase involved in making energy available to the cell?
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When runners race for about 20 minutes, how do their bodies obtain energy?
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Study Notes
Energy in Food
- Food energy is converted into ATP, a key energy-rich compound utilized by cells.
Glycolysis
- The initial process of glucose energy release occurs through glycolysis.
- Glycolysis breaks glucose into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvic acid.
- The net gain from glycolysis is 2 ATP molecules.
Cellular Respiration
- Cellular respiration is the process that extracts energy from food, requiring oxygen.
- A total of 36 ATP molecules can be produced from one glucose molecule during cellular respiration.
Fermentation
- Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen, classified as anaerobic.
- During fermentation, high-energy electrons from NADH are passed to pyruvic acid.
Krebs Cycle
- The Krebs cycle occurs within the mitochondrion and processes pyruvic acid, releasing carbon dioxide and energy.
- High-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are utilized to convert ADP into ATP.
Electron Transport Chain
- The electron transport chain harnesses high-energy electrons to create ATP.
Oxygen Debt
- Heavy exercise leads to lactic acid buildup in muscle cells, resulting in oxygen debt.
Caloric Energy
- A calorie is defined as the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
- Cells break down glucose, releasing stored energy gradually.
Chemical Equations
- The chemical equation for cellular respiration is 6O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy, involving oxygen and glucose as reactants.
NAD+ and Electron Transfer
- NAD+ plays a role in glycolysis by picking up high-energy electrons.
- As high-energy electrons accumulate, cells may reach a saturation point for NAD+.
Comparison of Fermentation Types
- Lactic acid fermentation: glucose → lactic acid.
- Alcoholic fermentation: glucose → alcohol + CO2.
- Both types begin with glucose as a reactant.
Similarities and Differences of Fermentation and Cellular Respiration
- Both processes break down glucose to release energy and initiate with glycolysis.
- Primary distinction: Cellular respiration requires oxygen, while fermentation does not.
ATP Synthase Function
- ATP synthase facilitates energy production by allowing hydrogen ions to pass through, converting ADP into ATP.
Energy Use During Exercise
- Initial energy in a race is derived from stored ATP and lactic acid fermentation.
- After approximately 20 minutes, the body switches to cellular respiration for ATP production from stored carbohydrates.
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Test your knowledge of Chapter 9 in Biology with these flashcards. This quiz covers key concepts such as ATP, glycolysis, and cellular respiration. Ideal for students looking to reinforce their understanding of energy release in cells.