Questions and Answers
What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?
Reactants: glucose + oxygen. Products: water + carbon dioxide + energy (ATP).
How does the formula for cell respiration compare to the formula for photosynthesis?
The formula for cell respiration is the reverse of photosynthesis.
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria; anaerobic respiration doesn't require oxygen and occurs in the cytoplasm.
Describe the structure and function of the mitochondrion.
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Describe the glycolysis reaction, citing the cell location and the three stages.
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Describe the glycolysis reaction, citing the reactants and the products.
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Describe the transition reaction, citing the cell location, reactants and products.
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Describe the citric acid cycle, citing cell location, reactants and products.
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Cite the reactants and products of the citric acid cycle.
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Describe the electron transport chain citing cell location and function.
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What is the role of NAD+ in aerobic respiration?
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What is the role of FAD in aerobic respiration?
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Where and why does anaerobic respiration occur? Describe the process.
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What are the ATP yields per each of the four steps of cellular respiration?
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Which cellular respiration reactions release CO2?
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Which cellular respiration reaction requires O2 and the function of O2 in cellular respiration?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration Overview
- Reactants and Products: Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce water, carbon dioxide, and energy in ATP form.
- Comparison to Photosynthesis: The equation for cellular respiration is the reverse of the photosynthesis equation, highlighting the cyclical nature of energy transformations in living organisms.
Types of Respiration
- Aerobic Respiration: Requires oxygen, occurs in the mitochondria, and is more energy-efficient.
- Anaerobic Respiration: Occurs without oxygen, takes place in the cytoplasm, and yields less energy.
Mitochondrion Structure and Function
- Structure: Composed of inner and outer membranes, with inner folds (cristae) containing a gel-like matrix.
- Function: The site of aerobic respiration, generating ATP through various biochemical processes.
Glycolysis
- Location: Takes place in the cytoplasm outside mitochondria.
- Stages: Includes the energy investment phase, splitting sugar phase, and energy generation phase.
- Reactants and Products: One glucose and two ATP yield 2 pyruvates, 2 NADH, and a net gain of 2 ATP.
Transition Reaction
- Function: Converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.
- Location: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
- Outputs: Produces CO2 and 2 NADH without generating ATP.
Citric Acid Cycle
- Role: Produces ATP and high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) while releasing CO2.
- Location: Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
- Reactants and Products: 2 acetyl-CoA generates 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.
Electron Transport Chain
- Function: Utilizes high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP.
- Location: Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- ATP Yield: Generates a total of 32-34 ATP.
Coenzymes in Cellular Respiration
- NAD+: Oxidizes metabolites by accepting electrons; crucial for regenerating NAD+ in anaerobic conditions.
- FAD: Functions similarly to NAD+, accepts two electrons and hydrogen ions to produce FADH2.
Anaerobic Respiration
- Location and Conditions: Occurs in the cytoplasm during low oxygen availability or in the absence of functional mitochondria.
- Process: Oxidizes NADH back to NAD+ by converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid (in animals) or ethanol (in yeast).
ATP Yield in Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis: Produces 2 ATP.
- Prep Reaction: Generates no ATP.
- Krebs Cycle: Produces 2 ATP.
- Electron Transport Chain: Yields 32-34 ATP.
CO2 Release
- Reactions Producing CO2: Carbon dioxide is released during glycolysis, transition reaction, and the citric acid cycle; none is released during the electron transport chain.
Oxygen's Role
- Aerobic Respiration: Oxygen is essential as the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing respiration to continue by preventing a backlog of electrons.
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Test your knowledge on cellular respiration with these flashcards. Explore the reactants and products involved, compare it with photosynthesis, and understand the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Perfect for reinforcing key concepts in biology.