Biology Chapter 8 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?

Reactants: glucose + oxygen. Products: water + carbon dioxide + energy (ATP).

How does the formula for cell respiration compare to the formula for photosynthesis?

The formula for cell respiration is the reverse of photosynthesis.

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria; anaerobic respiration doesn't require oxygen and occurs in the cytoplasm.

Describe the structure and function of the mitochondrion.

The mitochondria consist of an inner and outer membrane. Folds of the inner membrane called the cristae contain a gel-like fluid called the matrix. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the glycolysis reaction, citing the cell location and the three stages.

Glycolysis occurs outside the mitochondria in the cytoplasm. It includes three stages: the energy investment phase, the splitting of sugar phase, and the energy generation phase. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the glycolysis reaction, citing the reactants and the products.

The reaction starts with one glucose and two ATP to start the reaction. Glycolysis splits glucose into 2 pyruvates and generates 2 NADH and 4 ATP (a net gain of 2 ATP). Signup and view all the answers

Describe the transition reaction, citing the cell location, reactants and products.

The transition reaction converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and continues to the citric acid cycle. It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. No ATP are generated but CO2 is given off and 2 NADH are formed. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the citric acid cycle, citing cell location, reactants and products.

The citric acid cycle generates 2 ATP, high energy electrons (NADH and FADH2), and gives off CO2. It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. Signup and view all the answers

Cite the reactants and products of the citric acid cycle.

2 acetyl Co-A converts to 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the electron transport chain citing cell location and function.

The electron transport chain takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane. High energy electrons are taken from NADH and FADH2, used to build ATP, producing a total of 32-34 ATP. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NAD+ in aerobic respiration?

NAD+ can oxidize a metabolite by accepting electrons and can reduce a metabolite by giving up electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of FAD in aerobic respiration?

FAD accepts two electrons and two hydrogen ions (H+) to become FADH2. Signup and view all the answers

Where and why does anaerobic respiration occur? Describe the process.

Anaerobic respiration occurs outside the mitochondria when there is a lack of oxygen. It oxidizes NADH to NAD+ to continue glycolysis by reducing pyruvic acid to lactic acid or ethanol. Signup and view all the answers

What are the ATP yields per each of the four steps of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis yields 2 ATP, prep reaction yields none, Krebs cycle yields 2 ATP, and the electron transport chain yields 32-34 ATP. Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular respiration reactions release CO2?

Every reaction except the electron transport chain releases CO2 - glycolysis, prep reaction, and Krebs cycle. Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular respiration reaction requires O2 and the function of O2 in cellular respiration?

Aerobic respiration requires O2, which fuels the electron transport chain by accepting remaining electrons; otherwise, respiration would stop. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Respiration Overview

Reactants and Products: Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce water, carbon dioxide, and energy in ATP form.
Comparison to Photosynthesis: The equation for cellular respiration is the reverse of the photosynthesis equation, highlighting the cyclical nature of energy transformations in living organisms.

Types of Respiration

Aerobic Respiration: Requires oxygen, occurs in the mitochondria, and is more energy-efficient.
Anaerobic Respiration: Occurs without oxygen, takes place in the cytoplasm, and yields less energy.

Mitochondrion Structure and Function

Structure: Composed of inner and outer membranes, with inner folds (cristae) containing a gel-like matrix.
Function: The site of aerobic respiration, generating ATP through various biochemical processes.

Glycolysis

Location: Takes place in the cytoplasm outside mitochondria.
Stages: Includes the energy investment phase, splitting sugar phase, and energy generation phase.
Reactants and Products: One glucose and two ATP yield 2 pyruvates, 2 NADH, and a net gain of 2 ATP.

Transition Reaction

Function: Converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.
Location: Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
Outputs: Produces CO2 and 2 NADH without generating ATP.

Citric Acid Cycle

Role: Produces ATP and high-energy electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) while releasing CO2.
Location: Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
Reactants and Products: 2 acetyl-CoA generates 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.

Electron Transport Chain

Function: Utilizes high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP.
Location: Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
ATP Yield: Generates a total of 32-34 ATP.

Coenzymes in Cellular Respiration

NAD+: Oxidizes metabolites by accepting electrons; crucial for regenerating NAD+ in anaerobic conditions.
FAD: Functions similarly to NAD+, accepts two electrons and hydrogen ions to produce FADH2.

Anaerobic Respiration

Location and Conditions: Occurs in the cytoplasm during low oxygen availability or in the absence of functional mitochondria.
Process: Oxidizes NADH back to NAD+ by converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid (in animals) or ethanol (in yeast).

ATP Yield in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis: Produces 2 ATP.
Prep Reaction: Generates no ATP.
Krebs Cycle: Produces 2 ATP.
Electron Transport Chain: Yields 32-34 ATP.

CO2 Release

Reactions Producing CO2: Carbon dioxide is released during glycolysis, transition reaction, and the citric acid cycle; none is released during the electron transport chain.

Oxygen's Role

Aerobic Respiration: Oxygen is essential as the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, allowing respiration to continue by preventing a backlog of electrons.

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Test your knowledge on cellular respiration with these flashcards. Explore the reactants and products involved, compare it with photosynthesis, and understand the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Perfect for reinforcing key concepts in biology.