Biology Chapter 7

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Questions and Answers

What is the type of sensation detected by general sense receptors?

Sensations of taste and smell

Specific sensations such as pain, temperature, and pressure

Sensations of touch, pressure, and vibration (correct)

Sensations of vision, hearing, and balance

Which of the following is NOT a type of hormone?

Protein hormone

pH hormone (correct)

Steroid hormone

Amino acid hormone

What is the primary function of the macula lutea in the eye?

To focus light on the retina

To regulate the amount of light entering the eye

To provide central vision and fine detail (correct)

To protect the eye from damage

What is the term for the process by which hormone receptors are increased or decreased?

Up-regulation and down-regulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the otitis media?

Otitis media is a type of ear infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which hormones are eliminated from the body?

Exocytosis, enzymatic degradation, liver metabolism, and kidney excretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of hormone receptor located on the surface of target cells?

Cell surface receptor Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the pathway by which pain signals are transmitted to the brain?

Pain pathway Signup and view all the answers

What is the average life cycle of a Red Blood Cell (RBC)?

120-140 days Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following endocrine system diseases is caused by an overproduction of insulin?

None of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hemostasis?

To prevent excessive bleeding Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood components is responsible for carrying oxygen?

Hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of breaking down a red blood cell at the end of its life cycle?

Hemolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the blood?

Storing energy Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a blood clot that has broken loose and is circulating in the bloodstream?

Embolus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following blood types is considered the universal donor?

Type O Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 7: Senses of the Nervous System

General sense receptors: detect changes in the environment
Types of sensation: pain, pressure, temperature, touch, and vibration
Location: receptors located in the skin and other organs
Intensity and duration: vary depending on the type of sensation

Pathways for Sensation

Pain: transmitted to the brain through the spinal cord and thalamus
Taste: involves the tongue and the brain's gustatory cortex
Olfaction: involves the nose and the brain's olfactory cortex
Hearing: involves the ear and the brain's auditory cortex
Vision: involves the eye and the brain's visual cortex

Structures and Functions of the Eye

Photoreceptors: rods and cones
Optic disc: where the optic nerve leaves the eye
Macula lutea: specialized area for central vision
Fovea centralis: pit in the macula for sharp vision

Effects of Aging on the Senses

Decreased sensitivity to light and sound
Changes in the lens and retina of the eye
Decreased sense of taste and smell

Senses of the Nervous System Diseases and Disorders

Cataract: cloudy lens in the eye
Conjunctivitis: inflammation of the conjunctiva
Glaucoma: increased pressure in the eye
Myopia: nearsightedness
Hyperopia: farsightedness
Astigmatism: irregular curvature of the cornea
Otitis media: middle ear infection
Presbyopia: age-related loss of near vision

Chapter 8: Endocrine System

Glands and tissues: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, and others
Hormones: chemical messengers produced by glands
Functions: regulate growth, development, and metabolism
Target tissues: where hormones exert their effects
Autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine hormones: local, nearby, and distant targets

Hormone Secretion and Regulation

Initiated by stimuli: nervous, hormonal, or environmental
Up-regulation and down-regulation: change in receptor sensitivity
Effects on hormone response: increased or decreased response

Hormone Elimination

Liver and kidney metabolism
Excretion: through urine, feces, or sweat

Endocrine System Diseases and Disorders

Acromegaly: excess growth hormone
Addison's disease: adrenal gland insufficiency
Cushing's syndrome: excess cortisol
Diabetes mellitus: high blood sugar
Gigantism: excess growth hormone
Grave's disease: hyperthyroidism
Hashimoto's disease: hypothyroidism
Myxedema: hypothyroidism

Chapter 9: Blood

Components: plasma and formed elements
Plasma: liquid portion of blood
Formed elements: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Functions: transport oxygen, fight infection, and clot blood

Hemopoiesis

Process of forming blood cells
Three types: erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis, and thrombopoiesis

Hemoglobin and RBC Production

Components: iron, protein, and heme
Function: transport oxygen
Nutritional requirements: iron, vitamin B12, and folate
RBC lifespan: approximately 120 days

Hemostasis

Process of stopping bleeding
Three phases: vascular spasm, platelet plug, and coagulation
Coagulation pathways: extrinsic, intrinsic, and common

Blood Clotting and Dissolution

Clot formation: platelet plug and fibrin clot
Clot dissolution: fibrinolysis

Blood Types and Transfusion

ABO system: A, B, AB, and O
Rh-factor: Rh-positive or Rh-negative
Universal donor and recipient: O-negative and AB-positive

Blood Diseases and Disorders

Leukemia: cancer of blood cells
Polycythemia: excess red blood cells
Disseminated intravascular coagulation: widespread clotting
Embolus: blood clot that travels to the lungs
Thrombus: blood clot that forms in a blood vessel
Hemolytic anemia: premature destruction of red blood cells
Hemorrhagic anemia: excessive bleeding
Aplastic anemia: failure of blood cell production
Iron-deficiency anemia: lack of iron
Pernicious anemia: lack of vitamin B12
Sickle cell disease: abnormal hemoglobin

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Description

This quiz covers various topics in biology, including protein synthesis, skin and fracture repair, muscle contraction, and sensory receptors.