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Questions and Answers
Which color(s) of light would be most beneficial to a plant with carotenoids but no chlorophyll?
Which color(s) of light would be most beneficial to a plant with carotenoids but no chlorophyll?
Which three statements about plant pigments are true? (Select all that apply)
Which three statements about plant pigments are true? (Select all that apply)
What process is involved in ATP synthesis in both chloroplasts and mitochondria?
What process is involved in ATP synthesis in both chloroplasts and mitochondria?
chemiosmosis
In both cellular respiration and photosynthesis, a(n) __________ built into a membrane pumps H+ across the membrane as electrons are passed from one electron carrier to the next.
In both cellular respiration and photosynthesis, a(n) __________ built into a membrane pumps H+ across the membrane as electrons are passed from one electron carrier to the next.
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In respiration, the electrons come from the oxidation of organic molecules, and __________ is the final electron acceptor.
In respiration, the electrons come from the oxidation of organic molecules, and __________ is the final electron acceptor.
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In photosynthesis, the electrons come from water and end up in _______.
In photosynthesis, the electrons come from water and end up in _______.
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In photosynthesis, __________ drives electrons from a low-energy state in water to a high-energy state.
In photosynthesis, __________ drives electrons from a low-energy state in water to a high-energy state.
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In both respiration and photosynthesis, the potential energy of a(n) __________ is tapped to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
In both respiration and photosynthesis, the potential energy of a(n) __________ is tapped to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
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As H+ diffuses back through __________ (an enzyme complex embedded in the membrane), ATP is produced.
As H+ diffuses back through __________ (an enzyme complex embedded in the membrane), ATP is produced.
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Why is bioethanol often added to gasoline?
Why is bioethanol often added to gasoline?
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Which of the following is a good reason for using fast-growing trees as fuel?
Which of the following is a good reason for using fast-growing trees as fuel?
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Global climate change could be magnified by __________.
Global climate change could be magnified by __________.
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Which of the following best describes some of the benefits of photosynthesis?
Which of the following best describes some of the benefits of photosynthesis?
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Forests are considered carbon storage sinks because __________.
Forests are considered carbon storage sinks because __________.
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Directed evolution of biofuels refers to__________.
Directed evolution of biofuels refers to__________.
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The end products of photosynthesis are __________ and __________.
The end products of photosynthesis are __________ and __________.
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Which of the following is produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis and is consumed by the Calvin cycle?
Which of the following is produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis and is consumed by the Calvin cycle?
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The product of photosynthesis is _____.
The product of photosynthesis is _____.
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_____ is used in the light reactions, and ______________ is used in the Calvin cycle.
_____ is used in the light reactions, and ______________ is used in the Calvin cycle.
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________ and ________ store energy from the light reactions for use in the Calvin cycle.
________ and ________ store energy from the light reactions for use in the Calvin cycle.
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_______ is a waste product of photosynthesis.
_______ is a waste product of photosynthesis.
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The carbon dioxide that enters a leaf is the source of carbon for much of the body of the plant, including the sugars and starches that we eat.
The carbon dioxide that enters a leaf is the source of carbon for much of the body of the plant, including the sugars and starches that we eat.
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Chloroplasts contain several different pigments of different molecular shapes that absorb light of different wavelengths.
Chloroplasts contain several different pigments of different molecular shapes that absorb light of different wavelengths.
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To improve biofuel production, algae are exposed to mutation-promoting chemicals. This produces a highly varied collection of algae that can be screened for the ability to produce the most useful biofuel in the largest quantity.
To improve biofuel production, algae are exposed to mutation-promoting chemicals. This produces a highly varied collection of algae that can be screened for the ability to produce the most useful biofuel in the largest quantity.
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Deforestation, which removes a lot of photosynthetic plant life, thereby reduces the ability of the biosphere to absorb carbon.
Deforestation, which removes a lot of photosynthetic plant life, thereby reduces the ability of the biosphere to absorb carbon.
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Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.
Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.
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After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from _____.
After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from _____.
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How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?
How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?
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In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?
In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?
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Photosynthetic organisms include __________.
Photosynthetic organisms include __________.
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Which wavelength(s) of light is/are best absorbed by the chlorophyll in plants?
Which wavelength(s) of light is/are best absorbed by the chlorophyll in plants?
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Where is chlorophyll found in chloroplasts?
Where is chlorophyll found in chloroplasts?
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What provides the energy to drive the photosynthesis chemical reaction?
What provides the energy to drive the photosynthesis chemical reaction?
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What are the reactants for photosynthesis?
What are the reactants for photosynthesis?
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Which of the following is the process that ultimately feeds the world?
Which of the following is the process that ultimately feeds the world?
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Why are leaves green?
Why are leaves green?
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What part of a plant can be termed its 'food factory'?
What part of a plant can be termed its 'food factory'?
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The mass of a plant comes from __________.
The mass of a plant comes from __________.
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Which stage is responsible for completing the breakdown of glucose all the way to CO2?
Which stage is responsible for completing the breakdown of glucose all the way to CO2?
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Which of the following occurs in the first photosystem?
Which of the following occurs in the first photosystem?
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Which metabolic pathways directly involve oxygen?
Which metabolic pathways directly involve oxygen?
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What do cell respiration and photosynthesis have in common?
What do cell respiration and photosynthesis have in common?
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Stroma is the __________.
Stroma is the __________.
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What are the products of photosynthesis?
What are the products of photosynthesis?
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A plant requires which of the following for growth?
A plant requires which of the following for growth?
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How is breathing related to cellular respiration?
How is breathing related to cellular respiration?
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Which of the following depicts the correct order of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
Which of the following depicts the correct order of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
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What pathway in photosynthesis captures carbon dioxide?
What pathway in photosynthesis captures carbon dioxide?
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When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, what is its source?
When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, what is its source?
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Which of the following are needed for the Calvin cycle?
Which of the following are needed for the Calvin cycle?
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Using the energy from light, what is the initial electron donor in photosynthesis?
Using the energy from light, what is the initial electron donor in photosynthesis?
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About _________ of the energy produced by your body each day is used to sustain your brain.
About _________ of the energy produced by your body each day is used to sustain your brain.
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What is the end result of the Calvin cycle?
What is the end result of the Calvin cycle?
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Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?
Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?
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Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
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The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.
The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.
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Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis?
Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis?
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In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place?
In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place?
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What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?
What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?
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What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle?
What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle?
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What provides electrons for the light reactions?
What provides electrons for the light reactions?
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What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?
What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?
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What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?
What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?
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The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________.
The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________.
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The radioactive isotope used in the Calvin experiments was ____.
The radioactive isotope used in the Calvin experiments was ____.
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The Calvin cycle describes the conversion of ___.
The Calvin cycle describes the conversion of ___.
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Paper chromatography is used to _____.
Paper chromatography is used to _____.
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What type of organism was used in Calvin's experiments?
What type of organism was used in Calvin's experiments?
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Plants are photosynthetic autotrophs. What does this mean?
Plants are photosynthetic autotrophs. What does this mean?
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The ultimate energy source that supports most life on Earth is __________.
The ultimate energy source that supports most life on Earth is __________.
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Where does the energy for the Calvin cycle come from?
Where does the energy for the Calvin cycle come from?
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The overall function of the Calvin cycle is __________.
The overall function of the Calvin cycle is __________.
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When light strikes chlorophyll molecules, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by other electrons obtained by __________.
When light strikes chlorophyll molecules, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by other electrons obtained by __________.
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Global climate change could be magnified by __________.
Global climate change could be magnified by __________.
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis Overview
- Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy.
- It takes place in chloroplasts, specifically in the thylakoids and stroma.
- The overall equation summarizing photosynthesis is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2.
Key Components and Processes
- Light reactions occur in thylakoids and require water, producing NADPH and ATP.
- The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma, utilizing ATP, NADPH, and CO2 to produce sugar.
- The process begins when light strikes chlorophyll, exciting electrons that are replenished by splitting water.
Pigments and Light Absorption
- Photosynthetic pigments include chlorophyll and carotenoids, which absorb specific wavelengths of light (blue and red for chlorophyll, violet-blue for carotenoids).
- Colors not absorbed by pigments dictate the visible appearance of the plant.
- Carotenoids contribute to the orange and yellow hues seen in fall foliage due to their prominence when chlorophyll breaks down.
Energy and Electron Transport
- ATP synthesis in chloroplasts is driven by chemiosmosis and the H+ ion concentration gradient, facilitated by ATP synthase.
- In cellular respiration, oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor; in photosynthesis, electrons are sourced from water.
Environmental Impact and Biofuels
- Deforestation reduces the biosphere's ability to absorb carbon dioxide, exacerbating global climate change.
- Fast-growing trees can offset carbon emissions and are viable as renewable energy sources.
- Directed evolution can enhance biofuel production through the mutation and selection of algae.
Carbon Fixation and Sugars
- The Calvin cycle involves carbon fixation, where CO2 is added to RuBP to form 3-PGA, eventually producing glucose.
- A total of six CO2 molecules are required to produce one glucose molecule.
Roles of CO2 and Water
- CO2 is a primary source of carbon for plant structure, leading to biomass.
- Water is essential in light reactions, providing electrons and eventually yielding oxygen as a waste product.
Impact on Life and Climate
- Photosynthesis contributes to oxygen production and serves as a foundational energy source for life on Earth.
- The mass of a plant is primarily derived from carbon absorbed from the air, illustrating the importance of atmospheric CO2.
Experimental Insights
- Calvin's experiments utilized carbon-14 as a radioactive isotope to trace carbon incorporation in sugars.
- Paper chromatography is used to separate different pigments, aiding in the study of photosynthetic processes.
Key Terms
- Autotrophs: Organisms that produce their own food using light energy.
- Electron transport chain: A series of redox reactions that assist in ATP synthesis during both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
- Stroma: The fluid-filled space within chloroplasts where the Calvin cycle takes place.
Summary
- Understanding photosynthesis is crucial as it underpins the energy flow in ecosystems and addresses environmental concerns like climate change and renewable energy sources.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your understanding of photosynthesis and plant pigments with these flashcards. Explore the role of light and pigments like carotenoids and chlorophyll in the process of making food. Perfect for reinforcing key concepts from Chapter 7!
