Biology Chapter 7: Photosynthesis Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which color(s) of light would be most beneficial to a plant with carotenoids but no chlorophyll?

Violet-blue (correct)

Yellow

Red

Green

Which three statements about plant pigments are true? (Select all that apply)

Different pigments in plant chloroplasts absorb light of different wavelengths. (correct)

Visible light that is not absorbed by chloroplast pigments determines what color a plant will appear to your eye. (correct)

All pigments absorb light equally.

The orange and yellow colors of fall foliage are mostly due to carotenoids in the plants. (correct)

What process is involved in ATP synthesis in both chloroplasts and mitochondria?

chemiosmosis

In both cellular respiration and photosynthesis, a(n) __________ built into a membrane pumps H+ across the membrane as electrons are passed from one electron carrier to the next.

electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

In respiration, the electrons come from the oxidation of organic molecules, and __________ is the final electron acceptor.

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

In photosynthesis, the electrons come from water and end up in _______.

NADPH Signup and view all the answers

In photosynthesis, __________ drives electrons from a low-energy state in water to a high-energy state.

light energy Signup and view all the answers

In both respiration and photosynthesis, the potential energy of a(n) __________ is tapped to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.

H+ concentration gradient Signup and view all the answers

As H+ diffuses back through __________ (an enzyme complex embedded in the membrane), ATP is produced.

ATP synthase Signup and view all the answers

Why is bioethanol often added to gasoline?

Ethanol is a renewable resource that can increase fuel efficiency and lower vehicle emissions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a good reason for using fast-growing trees as fuel?

Vigorously growing plants remove a lot of carbon dioxide from the air. Signup and view all the answers

Global climate change could be magnified by __________.

deforestation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes some of the benefits of photosynthesis?

It is an oxygen source as well as a source of stored energy. Signup and view all the answers

Forests are considered carbon storage sinks because __________.

carbon dioxide is used in the Calvin cycle to make glucose, which is used to make wood and other tree molecules Signup and view all the answers

Directed evolution of biofuels refers to__________.

mutation, screening, and selection of microscopic algae that produce large quantities of biofuels Signup and view all the answers

The end products of photosynthesis are and .

glucose, molecular oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis and is consumed by the Calvin cycle?

NADPH Signup and view all the answers

The product of photosynthesis is _____.

sugar Signup and view all the answers

_ is used in the light reactions, and __________ is used in the Calvin cycle.

water, carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

and store energy from the light reactions for use in the Calvin cycle.

NADPH, ATP Signup and view all the answers

_______ is a waste product of photosynthesis.

oxygen Signup and view all the answers

The carbon dioxide that enters a leaf is the source of carbon for much of the body of the plant, including the sugars and starches that we eat.

Pathways that transform energy and matter Signup and view all the answers

Chloroplasts contain several different pigments of different molecular shapes that absorb light of different wavelengths.

Relationship of structure to function Signup and view all the answers

To improve biofuel production, algae are exposed to mutation-promoting chemicals. This produces a highly varied collection of algae that can be screened for the ability to produce the most useful biofuel in the largest quantity.

Evolution Signup and view all the answers

Deforestation, which removes a lot of photosynthetic plant life, thereby reduces the ability of the biosphere to absorb carbon.

Interactions within biological systems Signup and view all the answers

Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.

RuBP Signup and view all the answers

After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from _____.

NADPH Signup and view all the answers

How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?

6 Signup and view all the answers

In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?

3 Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthetic organisms include __________.

protists and bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which wavelength(s) of light is/are best absorbed by the chlorophyll in plants?

blue and red Signup and view all the answers

Where is chlorophyll found in chloroplasts?

in thylakoids Signup and view all the answers

What provides the energy to drive the photosynthesis chemical reaction?

sunlight Signup and view all the answers

What are the reactants for photosynthesis?

CO2 and H2O Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the process that ultimately feeds the world?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Why are leaves green?

The chlorophyll and other pigments reflect green light while absorbing other light. Signup and view all the answers

What part of a plant can be termed its 'food factory'?

leaves Signup and view all the answers

The mass of a plant comes from __________.

carbon Signup and view all the answers

Which stage is responsible for completing the breakdown of glucose all the way to CO2?

Citric acid cycle Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurs in the first photosystem?

Photons excite electrons for transfer to an electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

Which metabolic pathways directly involve oxygen?

Photosynthesis and the electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

What do cell respiration and photosynthesis have in common?

Both produce (and use) ATP. Signup and view all the answers

Stroma is the __________.

thick fluid found inside the chloroplast Signup and view all the answers

What are the products of photosynthesis?

O2 and glucose Signup and view all the answers

A plant requires which of the following for growth?

Sunlight, H2O, and CO2 Signup and view all the answers

How is breathing related to cellular respiration?

When you inhale you breathe in O2 which is delivered to your cells and is used during cellular respiration. CO2 is a waste product of cellular respiration and is exhaled. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following depicts the correct order of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

light capture -> electron excitation -> electron transport -> making ATP -> making NADPH Signup and view all the answers

What pathway in photosynthesis captures carbon dioxide?

The Calvin cycle Signup and view all the answers

When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, what is its source?

Splitting of H2O Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are needed for the Calvin cycle?

ATP, NADPH, and carbon Signup and view all the answers

Using the energy from light, what is the initial electron donor in photosynthesis?

Chlorophyll Signup and view all the answers

About _________ of the energy produced by your body each day is used to sustain your brain.

20% Signup and view all the answers

What is the end result of the Calvin cycle?

sugar is produced Signup and view all the answers

Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

stroma Signup and view all the answers

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _ and produce _.

water, NADPH Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place?

Chloroplast Signup and view all the answers

What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?

An electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH Signup and view all the answers

What provides electrons for the light reactions?

H2O Signup and view all the answers

What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Signup and view all the answers

What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?

NADPH Signup and view all the answers

The light reactions take place in the _ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _.

thylakoids, stroma Signup and view all the answers

The radioactive isotope used in the Calvin experiments was ____.

carbon 14 Signup and view all the answers

The Calvin cycle describes the conversion of ___.

carbon dioxide to carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Paper chromatography is used to _____.

separate components in a material of interest Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism was used in Calvin's experiments?

algae Signup and view all the answers

Plants are photosynthetic autotrophs. What does this mean?

They use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules. Signup and view all the answers

The ultimate energy source that supports most life on Earth is __________.

sunlight Signup and view all the answers

Where does the energy for the Calvin cycle come from?

NADPH and ATP Signup and view all the answers

The overall function of the Calvin cycle is __________.

making sugar Signup and view all the answers

When light strikes chlorophyll molecules, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by other electrons obtained by __________.

splitting water Signup and view all the answers

Global climate change could be magnified by __________.

deforestation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Photosynthesis Overview

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy.
It takes place in chloroplasts, specifically in the thylakoids and stroma.
The overall equation summarizing photosynthesis is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2.

Key Components and Processes

Light reactions occur in thylakoids and require water, producing NADPH and ATP.
The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma, utilizing ATP, NADPH, and CO2 to produce sugar.
The process begins when light strikes chlorophyll, exciting electrons that are replenished by splitting water.

Pigments and Light Absorption

Photosynthetic pigments include chlorophyll and carotenoids, which absorb specific wavelengths of light (blue and red for chlorophyll, violet-blue for carotenoids).
Colors not absorbed by pigments dictate the visible appearance of the plant.
Carotenoids contribute to the orange and yellow hues seen in fall foliage due to their prominence when chlorophyll breaks down.

Energy and Electron Transport

ATP synthesis in chloroplasts is driven by chemiosmosis and the H+ ion concentration gradient, facilitated by ATP synthase.
In cellular respiration, oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor; in photosynthesis, electrons are sourced from water.

Environmental Impact and Biofuels

Deforestation reduces the biosphere's ability to absorb carbon dioxide, exacerbating global climate change.
Fast-growing trees can offset carbon emissions and are viable as renewable energy sources.
Directed evolution can enhance biofuel production through the mutation and selection of algae.

Carbon Fixation and Sugars

The Calvin cycle involves carbon fixation, where CO2 is added to RuBP to form 3-PGA, eventually producing glucose.
A total of six CO2 molecules are required to produce one glucose molecule.

Roles of CO2 and Water

CO2 is a primary source of carbon for plant structure, leading to biomass.
Water is essential in light reactions, providing electrons and eventually yielding oxygen as a waste product.

Impact on Life and Climate

Photosynthesis contributes to oxygen production and serves as a foundational energy source for life on Earth.
The mass of a plant is primarily derived from carbon absorbed from the air, illustrating the importance of atmospheric CO2.

Experimental Insights

Calvin's experiments utilized carbon-14 as a radioactive isotope to trace carbon incorporation in sugars.
Paper chromatography is used to separate different pigments, aiding in the study of photosynthetic processes.

Key Terms

Autotrophs: Organisms that produce their own food using light energy.
Electron transport chain: A series of redox reactions that assist in ATP synthesis during both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
Stroma: The fluid-filled space within chloroplasts where the Calvin cycle takes place.

Summary

Understanding photosynthesis is crucial as it underpins the energy flow in ecosystems and addresses environmental concerns like climate change and renewable energy sources.

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Test your understanding of photosynthesis and plant pigments with these flashcards. Explore the role of light and pigments like carotenoids and chlorophyll in the process of making food. Perfect for reinforcing key concepts from Chapter 7!

Biology Chapter 7: Photosynthesis Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which color(s) of light would be most beneficial to a plant with carotenoids but no chlorophyll?

Which three statements about plant pigments are true? (Select all that apply)

What process is involved in ATP synthesis in both chloroplasts and mitochondria?

In both cellular respiration and photosynthesis, a(n) __________ built into a membrane pumps H+ across the membrane as electrons are passed from one electron carrier to the next.

In respiration, the electrons come from the oxidation of organic molecules, and __________ is the final electron acceptor.

In photosynthesis, the electrons come from water and end up in _______.

In photosynthesis, __________ drives electrons from a low-energy state in water to a high-energy state.

In both respiration and photosynthesis, the potential energy of a(n) __________ is tapped to drive the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.

As H+ diffuses back through __________ (an enzyme complex embedded in the membrane), ATP is produced.

Why is bioethanol often added to gasoline?

Which of the following is a good reason for using fast-growing trees as fuel?

Global climate change could be magnified by __________.

Which of the following best describes some of the benefits of photosynthesis?

Forests are considered carbon storage sinks because __________.

Directed evolution of biofuels refers to__________.

The end products of photosynthesis are __________ and __________.

Which of the following is produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis and is consumed by the Calvin cycle?

The product of photosynthesis is _____.

_____ is used in the light reactions, and ______________ is used in the Calvin cycle.

________ and ________ store energy from the light reactions for use in the Calvin cycle.

_______ is a waste product of photosynthesis.

The carbon dioxide that enters a leaf is the source of carbon for much of the body of the plant, including the sugars and starches that we eat.

Chloroplasts contain several different pigments of different molecular shapes that absorb light of different wavelengths.

To improve biofuel production, algae are exposed to mutation-promoting chemicals. This produces a highly varied collection of algae that can be screened for the ability to produce the most useful biofuel in the largest quantity.

Deforestation, which removes a lot of photosynthetic plant life, thereby reduces the ability of the biosphere to absorb carbon.

Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.

After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from _____.

How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?

In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?

Photosynthetic organisms include __________.

Which wavelength(s) of light is/are best absorbed by the chlorophyll in plants?

Where is chlorophyll found in chloroplasts?

What provides the energy to drive the photosynthesis chemical reaction?

What are the reactants for photosynthesis?

Which of the following is the process that ultimately feeds the world?

Why are leaves green?

What part of a plant can be termed its 'food factory'?

The mass of a plant comes from __________.

Which stage is responsible for completing the breakdown of glucose all the way to CO2?

Which of the following occurs in the first photosystem?

Which metabolic pathways directly involve oxygen?

What do cell respiration and photosynthesis have in common?

Stroma is the __________.

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A plant requires which of the following for growth?

How is breathing related to cellular respiration?

Which of the following depicts the correct order of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

What pathway in photosynthesis captures carbon dioxide?

When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, what is its source?

Which of the following are needed for the Calvin cycle?

Using the energy from light, what is the initial electron donor in photosynthesis?

About _________ of the energy produced by your body each day is used to sustain your brain.

What is the end result of the Calvin cycle?

Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.

Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis?

In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place?

What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?

What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle?

What provides electrons for the light reactions?

What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?

What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?

The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________.

The radioactive isotope used in the Calvin experiments was ____.

The Calvin cycle describes the conversion of ___.

Paper chromatography is used to _____.

What type of organism was used in Calvin's experiments?

Plants are photosynthetic autotrophs. What does this mean?

The ultimate energy source that supports most life on Earth is __________.

Where does the energy for the Calvin cycle come from?

The overall function of the Calvin cycle is __________.

When light strikes chlorophyll molecules, they lose electrons, which are ultimately replaced by other electrons obtained by __________.

Global climate change could be magnified by __________.

Study Notes

Photosynthesis Overview

Key Components and Processes

Pigments and Light Absorption

The end products of photosynthesis are and .

_ is used in the light reactions, and __________ is used in the Calvin cycle.

and store energy from the light reactions for use in the Calvin cycle.

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _ and produce _.

The light reactions take place in the _ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _.