Biology Chapter 7 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is cellular respiration?

A process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules and release waste products.

What does metabolism refer to?

The sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism.

What is aerobic respiration?

Respiration that requires oxygen.

What does oxidation mean?

Loss of electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is reduction in terms of electrons?

Addition of electrons to an atom or molecule. Signup and view all the answers

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine triphosphate. Signup and view all the answers

What is NAD+/NADH?

NAD+ is the oxidized form and NADH is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Signup and view all the answers

What does FAD/FADH2 refer to?

FAD is the oxidized form and FADH2 is the reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide. Signup and view all the answers

What is glycolysis?

The breakdown of glucose to generate energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A method of synthesizing ATP directly through the transfer of a phosphate group to ADP. Signup and view all the answers

What is phosphorylation?

The transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule, usually from ATP. Signup and view all the answers

What is pyruvate?

A three-carbon molecule produced from glycolysis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the citric acid cycle?

A series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions that form part of cellular respiration. Signup and view all the answers

What does oxaloacetate refer to?

A four-carbon molecule that combines with acetyl CoA to form citrate. Signup and view all the answers

What is citrate?

A six-carbon molecule formed in the citric acid cycle. Signup and view all the answers

What is Acetyl CoA?

A two-carbon molecule that enters the citric acid cycle. Signup and view all the answers

What is the electron transport chain (ETC)?

A series of proteins in the mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

The process of generating ATP using energy from the electron transport chain. Signup and view all the answers

What is chemiosmosis?

The movement of protons across a membrane to generate ATP. Signup and view all the answers

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

The innermost compartment of the mitochondrion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the intermembrane space?

The space between the inner and outer membranes of a mitochondrion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the H+ electrochemical gradient?

A difference in proton concentration across a membrane. Signup and view all the answers

What is ATP synthase?

An enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP and heat). Signup and view all the answers

Define oxidation and reduction.

Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain (OIL RIG). Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?

To carry electrons to the electron transport chain and help pump protons. Signup and view all the answers

What are the distinct metabolic pathways for aerobic energy harvesting?

<ol> <li>Glycolysis 2) Breakdown of Pyruvate 3) Citric Acid Cycle 4) Oxidative Phosphorylation.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Name the four stages of cellular respiration and their locations.

<ol> <li>Glycolysis in the cytosol 2) Breakdown of Pyruvate in the mitochondrial matrix 3) Citric Acid Cycle in the mitochondrial matrix 4) Oxidative Phosphorylation along the cristae.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between glucose molecules used as fuel and carbon dioxide generated as waste?

Carbon atoms from glucose are released as CO2 after the Krebs cycle. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Respiration Overview

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert organic molecules into energy while releasing waste products.
Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions within an organism and specific cellular chemical reactions.

Types of Respiration

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, consuming O2 and releasing CO2.
Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, utilizing different pathways for energy production.

Key Processes in Cellular Respiration

Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, crucial for breaking down organic molecules.
Reduction refers to the addition of electrons, resulting in decreased atom charge.

Energy Carriers

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the primary energy currency of the cell, powering various cellular processes.
NAD+ and NADH transport electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC), facilitating energy production.
FAD and FADH2 also play a key role in electron transport and energy transfer during respiration.

Glycolysis

Glycolysis converts glucose (6 carbons) into two pyruvate molecules (3 carbons each), generating 2 NADH and 2 ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation.

Citric Acid Cycle

The citric acid cycle processes acetyl CoA to produce 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP, occurring in the mitochondrial matrix.

Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

The ETC includes a series of proteins that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2, creating a proton gradient.
Oxidative phosphorylation links electron transport to ATP synthesis.
Chemiosmosis utilizes the H+ ion gradient to drive ATP synthase, producing up to 32 ATP.

Phosphorylation

Substrate-level phosphorylation directly transfers a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP.
Phosphorylation is the mechanism by which ATP energizes other molecules.

Mitochondrial Structure

Mitochondria have four key regions: outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane (with cristae), and mitochondrial matrix.

Summary of Stages

Four stages of cellular respiration:
- Glycolysis: occurs in the cytosol.
- Breakdown of Pyruvate: takes place in mitochondrial matrix.
- Citric Acid Cycle: occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: occurs along the inner mitochondrial membrane's cristae.

Relationship Between Glucose and CO2

Upon completion of the citric acid cycle, all carbon atoms from glucose are released as CO2 waste.

Important Equations

Overall equation for cellular respiration:
*C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP and heat)**.
Waste products are CO2 and H2O.

Oxidation-Reduction Concept

Key mnemonic: OIL RIG (Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain), highlighting the electron transfer processes in cellular respiration.

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Description

Dive into the key concepts of cellular respiration and metabolism with these flashcards from Chapter 7. Test your understanding of essential biological processes such as aerobic respiration and the overall metabolic processes within living organisms.