Questions and Answers
What is cellular respiration?
A process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules and release waste products.
What does metabolism refer to?
The sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism.
What is aerobic respiration?
Respiration that requires oxygen.
What does oxidation mean?
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What is reduction in terms of electrons?
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What does ATP stand for?
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What is NAD+/NADH?
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What does FAD/FADH2 refer to?
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What is glycolysis?
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What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
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What is phosphorylation?
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What is pyruvate?
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What is the citric acid cycle?
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What does oxaloacetate refer to?
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What is citrate?
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What is Acetyl CoA?
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What is the electron transport chain (ETC)?
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What is oxidative phosphorylation?
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What is chemiosmosis?
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What is the mitochondrial matrix?
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What is the intermembrane space?
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What is the H+ electrochemical gradient?
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What is ATP synthase?
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What is the formula for cellular respiration?
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Define oxidation and reduction.
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What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?
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What are the distinct metabolic pathways for aerobic energy harvesting?
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Name the four stages of cellular respiration and their locations.
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What is the relationship between glucose molecules used as fuel and carbon dioxide generated as waste?
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Study Notes
Cellular Respiration Overview
- Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert organic molecules into energy while releasing waste products.
- Metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions within an organism and specific cellular chemical reactions.
Types of Respiration
- Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, consuming O2 and releasing CO2.
- Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, utilizing different pathways for energy production.
Key Processes in Cellular Respiration
- Oxidation involves the loss of electrons, crucial for breaking down organic molecules.
- Reduction refers to the addition of electrons, resulting in decreased atom charge.
Energy Carriers
- ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the primary energy currency of the cell, powering various cellular processes.
- NAD+ and NADH transport electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC), facilitating energy production.
- FAD and FADH2 also play a key role in electron transport and energy transfer during respiration.
Glycolysis
- Glycolysis converts glucose (6 carbons) into two pyruvate molecules (3 carbons each), generating 2 NADH and 2 ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation.
Citric Acid Cycle
- The citric acid cycle processes acetyl CoA to produce 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP, occurring in the mitochondrial matrix.
Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
- The ETC includes a series of proteins that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2, creating a proton gradient.
- Oxidative phosphorylation links electron transport to ATP synthesis.
- Chemiosmosis utilizes the H+ ion gradient to drive ATP synthase, producing up to 32 ATP.
Phosphorylation
- Substrate-level phosphorylation directly transfers a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP.
- Phosphorylation is the mechanism by which ATP energizes other molecules.
Mitochondrial Structure
- Mitochondria have four key regions: outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane (with cristae), and mitochondrial matrix.
Summary of Stages
- Four stages of cellular respiration:
- Glycolysis: occurs in the cytosol.
- Breakdown of Pyruvate: takes place in mitochondrial matrix.
- Citric Acid Cycle: occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: occurs along the inner mitochondrial membrane's cristae.
Relationship Between Glucose and CO2
- Upon completion of the citric acid cycle, all carbon atoms from glucose are released as CO2 waste.
Important Equations
- Overall equation for cellular respiration:
- *C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP and heat)**.
Waste products are CO2 and H2O.
Oxidation-Reduction Concept
- Key mnemonic: OIL RIG (Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain), highlighting the electron transfer processes in cellular respiration.
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Description
Dive into the key concepts of cellular respiration and metabolism with these flashcards from Chapter 7. Test your understanding of essential biological processes such as aerobic respiration and the overall metabolic processes within living organisms.