Questions and Answers
What is G (free energy)?
Energy available to do work.
__________________________ explain why organisms cannot produce energy but must continuously capture it from somewhere else.
The laws of thermodynamics
In every energy transaction, some energy is dissipated as ___________.
heat
In the metabolism of living things, some _____________ occur spontaneously, releasing free energy that is then available to perform work.
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What is the energy currency of the cell?
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Energy transfers often occur in cells through _______________ utilizing electron carrier molecules.
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Chemical reactions in organisms are regulated by _____________, substances that lower the amount of energy needed to activate reactions.
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Match the following: drugs with their effect on enzymes.
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What are the main functions of enzymes?
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Name factors that may affect enzyme activity.
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What does the reaction ATP + H2O ⟶ ADP + P signify?
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Compliance with the second law of thermodynamics presumes that:
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What is kinetic energy?
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What is chemical energy in molecules?
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Define metabolism.
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What characterizes an exergonic reaction?
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According to the first law of thermodynamics:
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What does the second law of thermodynamics state?
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________________________ reactions may use NAD as a hydrogen/electron acceptor.
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What is the energy barrier necessary to start a chemical reaction?
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What is potential energy?
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Explain what is meant by G (free energy) and relate it to changes in entropy.
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Enzymes are inhibited:
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Plants convert radiant energy to _________ energy.
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________________is the capacity to do work.
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_____________________ is 'stored energy'.
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Is the energy of motion.
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Thermodynamics is the study of _______________.
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The total energy in the universe does not change. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither ______________ nor ___________ , however, it can be ______________.
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Study Notes
Energy Concepts
- Free Energy (G): Energy available to perform work.
- First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- Second Law of Thermodynamics: Energy transformations increase entropy; some energy is lost as heat, leading to more disorder.
Chemical Reactions
- Some chemical reactions occur spontaneously, releasing free energy for work.
- Exergonic Reactions: Release energy, result in negative delta G, considered 'downhill' reactions.
- Redox Reactions: Coupled oxidation and reduction processes that transfer energy stored in electrons; utilize electron carriers like NAD.
Enzyme Functionality
- Enzymes: Biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy; coded for by genes.
- Enzyme activity can be influenced by cofactors, temperature, pH, and phosphorylation.
- Enzymes can be inhibited either competitively (by competing for active sites) or non-competitively.
Energy Types
- Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion, enabling work.
- Potential Energy: Stored energy, often found in chemical bonds.
- Chemical Energy: A specific type of potential energy released during chemical reactions.
Metabolism
- Metabolism: The totality of chemical activities in an organism.
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate): Cell's energy currency; undergoes hydrolysis to form ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy.
Thermodynamics in Biology
- Thermodynamics: The study of energy transformations within biological systems.
- Activation Energy: The energy barrier that must be overcome for a reaction to occur.
Plant Energy Conversion
- Plants convert radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
Miscellaneous
- Entropy: A measure of disorder or randomness, which tends to increase in natural processes.
- Energy Measurement: Gibbs free energy (ΔG) helps predict the spontaneity of reactions; a positive ΔG indicates a non-spontaneous reaction.
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Test your knowledge of free energy and thermodynamics with these flashcards from Biology Chapter 7. Each card presents a term along with its definition, helping you reinforce your understanding of key concepts related to energy in living organisms.