Biology Chapter 7 and 8 Quiz

Selective Permeability = Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Fluidity = The membrane components can move laterally, providing flexibility. Self-Healing = The membrane can repair itself if damaged. Asymmetry = The two layers of the membrane have different compositions.

Phospholipid Bilayer = Lipids Proteins = Proteins Carbohydrates = Carbohydrates Cholesterol = Lipids

Broad Spectrum = Interferes with a larger group of infective agents. Narrow Spectrum = Only interferes with specific infective agents. Bacteriostatic = Inhibits the cells reproduction. Bactericidal = Kills the cells completely.

<p>Use antibiotics only when necessary = Avoid unnecessary antibiotic use. Complete the full course of treatment = Ensure the infection is completely eradicated. Use narrow-spectrum antibiotics = Target specific bacteria to limit resistance development. Proper dosing and timing = Administer the right amount of antibiotic at the right time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythromycin = Respiratory infections, streptococcal infections, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Azithromycin = Respiratory infections, streptococcal infections, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Clarithromycin = Respiratory infections, Helicobacter pylori infections, and Mycobacterium avium complex infections. Roxithromycin = Respiratory infections, skin infections, and sexually transmitted infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythromycin = Feces Azithromycin = Urine Clarithromycin = Urine &amp; feces Roxithromycin = Urine &amp; feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Culture and Sensitivity (C&amp;S) = Identifying the causative organism for targeted treatment. Complete the full course of treatment = Ensuring the elimination of the infection. Avoiding self-medication = Preventing misuse and potential resistance development. Monitoring for infections and resistance patterns = Identifying potential issues early and adapting treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combination therapy = Using multiple antibiotics to enhance efficacy and reduce resistance development. Stewardship programs = Promoting responsible antibiotic use through education and monitoring. Educate patients and healthcare providers = Raising awareness about antibiotic resistance and appropriate use. Infection prevention and control = Minimizing the spread of infections to reduce the need for antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular coughing = Helps clear mucus and prevent blockages Position changes = Turning every 2 hours and postural drainage to keep airways clear Early mobilization = Getting out of bed and moving to improve lung expansion Hydration = Staying well-hydrated to keep mucus thin and easier to clear.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guaifenesin = Reduces thickness of secretions Pseudoephedrine = Shrinks mucous membranes and promotes sinus drainage Codeine, Dextromethorphan = Depresses cough reflex Oxymetazoline, Phenylephrine, Tetrahydrozoline = Vasoconstriction, reduced swelling of nasal membranes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guaifenesin = Caution during pregnancy and persistent cough, do not use for longer than a week Pseudoephedrine = Use caution in patients with glaucoma, hypertension, thyroid disease, coronary artery disease, and prostate issues Codeine, Dextromethorphan = Contraindicated in patients needing to cough, patients with asthma and emphysema, and during pregnancy/lactation OTC Cold/Flu Meds = Do not give to children under 2, always read drug facts labels, consult a healthcare provider before giving meds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guaifenesin = Headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting Pseudoephedrine = Rebound congestion, anxiety, restlessness, tremors, hypertension, and arrhythmias Codeine, Dextromethorphan = Increased viscosity of secretions, CNS depression, sedation, drowsiness, constipation, nausea, dry mouth OTC Nasal Sprays = Rebound congestion, nasal dryness, stinging or burning sensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Expectorants = Caution during pregnancy and persistent cough, do not use for longer than a week Oral Decongestants = Use caution in patients with pre-existing conditions, do not combine with other medications containing pseudoephedrine Antitussives = Contraindicated in patients needing to cough, patients with asthma and emphysema, and during pregnancy/lactation OTC Cold/Flu Meds = Do not give to children under 2, always read drug facts labels, consult a healthcare provider before giving meds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guaifenesin = Expectorant Pseudoephedrine = Oral Decongestant Codeine, Dextromethorphan = Antitussive Oxymetazoline, Phenylephrine, Tetrahydrozoline = OTC Nasal Sprays</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduces thickness of secretions = Expectorants Shrinks mucous membranes, promotes sinus drainage = Oral Decongestants Depresses cough reflex = Antitussives Vasoconstriction, reduces swelling of nasal membranes = OTC Nasal Sprays</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Caution during pregnancy and persistent cough, do not use for longer than a week = Expectorants Use caution in patients with pre-existing conditions, do not combine with other medications containing pseudoephedrine = Oral Decongestants Contraindicated in patients needing to cough, patients with asthma and emphysema, and during pregnancy/lactation = Antitussives Do not give to children under 2, always read drug facts labels, consult a healthcare provider before giving meds. = OTC Cold/Flu Meds</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Montelukast = Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist Aspirin = Salicylate Ibuprofen = NSAID Diclofenac = NSAID</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Montelukast = Blocks leukotriene receptors Aspirin = Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis Ibuprofen = Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis Diclofenac = Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Montelukast = Asthma prophylaxis Aspirin = Mild to moderate pain, fever, arthritis Ibuprofen = Rheumatoid arthritis, pain, fever Diclofenac = Pain, inflammation, arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Montelukast = Headache, dizziness, nausea Aspirin = Nausea, dyspepsia, bleeding, Salicylism Ibuprofen = Gastrointestinal bleeding, ulcers, renal dysfunction Diclofenac = Gastrointestinal bleeding, ulcers, renal dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Montelukast = Pregnancy, acute asthma attacks Aspirin = Bleeding abnormalities, renal dysfunction, active chickenpox or influenza Ibuprofen = Gastrointestinal bleeding, ulcers, renal dysfunction Diclofenac = Gastrointestinal bleeding, ulcers, renal dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathomimetics = Underlying heart disease, history of arrhythmias, diabetes, hyperthyroidism Xanthines = Pregnancy, cardiac disease, alcoholism, hyperthyroidism Nasal Decongestants = Glaucoma, hypertension, thyroid disease, coronary artery disease, prostate issues Anticholinergics (oral) = None mentioned in the text, but caution is advised in patients who cannot tolerate sympathomimetic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathomimetics = Dilates bronchi, increased depth/rate of respiration. Epinephrine is the drug of choice for acute bronchospasm. Xanthines = Directly affects the smooth muscle of the respiratory tract and decreases bronchial swelling. Nasal Decongestants = Stimulate adrenergic receptors, leading to vasoconstriction and decongestion. Anticholinergics (oral) = Block the vagal response, leading to bronchodilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathomimetics = Tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmias, sweating, flushing Xanthines = Effects related to theophylline serum levels: 30-35: arrhythmias, hyperglycemia, seizures, death Nasal Decongestants = Local sting/burn, rebound congestion if used longer than 3-5 days, high BP and HR, urinary retention Anticholinergics (oral) = None mentioned in the text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathomimetics = Do not use with inhaled anesthetics (severe heart complications). Long-acting formulations have a black box warning for death in asthmatic patients. Xanthines = Avoid using these combined with cigarette smoking because it affects metabolism. Nasal Decongestants = Caution if erosion or lesions in the nares - leads to systemic absorption. Do not combine with other sympathomimetics; serious cardiac effects when used with cyclopropane or Halothane anesthesia. Anticholinergics (oral) = Not mentioned in the text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathomimetics = Bronchodilators, especially for acute bronchospasm. Epinephrine is the drug of choice for such conditions. Xanthines = Bronchodilators/Anti-asthmatics Nasal Decongestants = Reduce nasal congestion, but their use should be limited due to potential adverse effects. Anticholinergics (oral) = Bronchodilators, particularly helpful for patients who cannot tolerate the effects of sympathomimetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) = Treatment of influenza A and B Peramivir = Treatment of influenza A and B Amantadine = Treatment of influenza A Ribavirin = Treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventilation = The process of moving air in and out of the body Atelectasis = Collapse of lung tissue Gas Exchange/Respiration = Transfer of CO2 and O2 in the alveoli Upper respiratory tract = Includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, and trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) = Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea Peramivir = Dizziness, insomnia, and light-headedness Amantadine = Neurological side effects, including confusion and hallucinations Ribavirin = Hemolytic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluconazole = Triazole Itraconazole = Triazole Voriconazole = Triazole Posaconazole = Triazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV/AIDS in children = Adjust drug doses according to weight and monitor for kidney, bone marrow, and liver effects HIV/AIDS in adults = Educate patients about disease course, prevention of infections, and safe sexual practices HIV/AIDS in older adults = Monitor closely for adverse effects and adjust doses as needed Pregnancy and HIV = Advise against breastfeeding unless benefits outweigh risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triazoles (e.g., fluconazole, itraconazole) = Inhibit synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes Echinocandins (e.g., caspofungin) = Inhibit synthesis of glucan, a component of fungal cell walls Polyenes (e.g., amphotericin B) = Bind to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, disrupting their integrity Azoles (e.g., ketoconazole, fluconazole) = Inhibit synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ventilation = Lower respiratory tract Gas Exchange/Respiration = Alveoli Upper respiratory tract = Includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, and trachea Lower respiratory tract = Bronchial tree, bronchioles, and alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deep breathing exercises = Prevent atelectasis Incentive spirometry = Promote lung expansion and prevent atelectasis Early ambulation = Reduce risk of pulmonary complications Adequate hydration = Thin secretions and facilitate clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitor for signs of infection due to impaired immune function = Regular assessment of WBC levels Regularly assess liver and renal function = Liver function tests (LFTs), renal function tests (BUN and creatinine) Watch for drug interactions that may increase toxicity or interfere with efficacy = Comprehensive medication history and potential drug interactions Monitor for signs of organ damage (e.g., liver or kidney dysfunction) = Assessment of liver enzymes, renal function tests, potential signs of organ damage like jaundice, fatigue, or decreased urine output</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stress the importance of adherence to prescribed regimen and routine blood work = Importance of strictly following medication schedule and regularly attending blood tests Educate on infection precautions (good hygiene, avoiding sick individuals) = Maintaining good hygiene practices, avoiding contact with sick individuals, and reporting any signs of infection promptly Teach patients to report signs of toxicity (fever, nausea, unusual bruising) = Recognizing and immediately reporting potential toxic reactions (fever, nausea, abnormal bruising) Advise avoiding alcohol for drugs like methotrexate = Avoidance of alcohol consumption, particularly for drugs like methotrexate, due to potential drug interactions and increased toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monitor for signs of organ rejection, especially in transplant patients = Regular monitoring for signs of rejection, such as fever, pain at the transplant site, and changes in organ function Monitor renal function closely (serum creatinine, BUN) = Regular assessment of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels to assess kidney function Regularly assess blood pressure as these drugs can cause hypertension = Regular blood pressure monitoring to identify potential hypertension associated with these medications Monitor potassium levels for risk of hyperkalemia = Regularly assessing potassium levels to detect potential hyperkalemia, which can occur with certain immunosuppressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Educate on signs of organ rejection (fever, transplant site pain) and when to seek medical attention = Recognizing signs of organ rejection and seeking immediate medical attention, especially for fever or transplant-related pain Reinforce the importance of adherence to medication regimen = Emphasis on the crucial importance of strictly adhering to the prescribed medication schedule Instruct on regular kidney function tests, blood pressure monitoring, and avoiding grapefruit = Regular kidney function tests, blood pressure monitoring, and avoidance of grapefruit due to potential interactions with immunosuppressants Teach about avoiding live vaccines while on immunosuppressive therapy = Avoiding live vaccines, as the weakened immune system may not be able to adequately protect against infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone pain is a common side effect of some medications = Regularly monitor for the onset of bone pain and report any concerns to the healthcare provider Pain relievers are crucial for managing bone pain = Use appropriate pain relievers as prescribed to manage pain effectively Regular blood tests are essential to monitor WBC levels in patients experiencing bone pain = Regularly monitor WBC levels through blood tests to assess the efficacy of medication and identify potential infections Reporting any signs of infection promptly is important = Immediately report any signs of infection to the healthcare provider for prompt diagnosis and treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Property of the cell membrane that controls substance movement in and out of the cell.

A double layer of phospholipids that forms the fundamental structure of the cell membrane.

The cell membrane's ability to continuously remodel and adapt to changes.

Antibiotics that inhibit the reproduction of bacteria without killing them.

Antibiotics that kill bacteria outright.

Antibiotics that specifically target certain types of bacteria.

A lab test to identify the causative organism of an infection and its antibiotic sensitivity.

A class of antibiotics, like erythromycin, that are bactericidal and used for respiratory infections.

AIDS drugs are adjusted to pediatric doses; monitor effects.

Patients must understand that HIV is not curable and should take precautions against infections.

Pregnant women should evaluate risks before taking HIV drugs; avoid breastfeeding.

Older patients may need reduced doses due to higher susceptibility to side effects.

Includes Oseltamivir and others; affects dopamine levels and has various side effects.

Assess for antifungal allergies; monitor CNS effects and organ function.

Process of air movement in/out; controlled by CNS; involves upper and lower respiratory tracts.

Deep breathing exercises help keep lungs expanded; consider using incentive spirometer.

Regular coughing helps clear mucus and prevent blockages in airways.

Turning bedridden patients every 2 hours and using postural drainage aids in keeping airways clear.

Getting out of bed soon after illness improves lung expansion and recovery.

Staying well-hydrated keeps mucus thin and easier to clear from airways.

Medications like Guaifenesin reduce thickness of secretions; caution during pregnancy.

Pseudoephedrine shrinks mucous membranes, promoting drainage but has many cautions and side effects.

Medications like Codeine and Dextromethorphan depress the cough reflex but have contraindications in certain patients.

Care must be taken with OTC meds; avoid in those under 2 and always check for active ingredients.

Using pain relievers to manage potential bone pain.

Regular blood tests are needed to monitor white blood cell levels.

Report any signs of infection promptly due to immune suppression.

Regularly assess liver and renal function for toxicity signs.

Stress the importance of sticking to prescribed medication regimens.

Montelukast; blocks receptors to reduce inflammation and bronchoconstriction.

Can cause gastrointestinal issues, cardiovascular effects, and kidney damage.

Do not use in patients with glaucoma, hypertension, thyroid issues, coronary artery disease, or prostate problems.

Occurs with high doses or interactions; leads to serious health risks like cardiac failure.

Bronchodilators like Caffeine and Theophylline affect respiratory smooth muscle and decrease bronchial swelling.

Do not use in patients with bleeding issues, renal dysfunction, or during pregnancy.

Headache, dizziness, nausea; avoid in pregnancy and not for acute attacks.

Serum levels over 30-35 can cause arrhythmias, hyperglycemia, seizures, or even death.

Terbutaline, Epinephrine, Albuterol, Levalbuterol are inhaled drugs that dilate bronchi and increase respiratory rate.

Oral medications like Ipratropium and Tiotropium help bronchodilation by blocking the vagal response.