Biology Chapter 6 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following properties of water allows it to support life on earth?

  • Water sinks as it freezes.
  • Water is a poor conductor of heat.
  • Water acts as a universal solvent. (correct)
  • Water has a low surface tension.

Which of the following substances contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen?

  • Glycine (correct)
  • Testosterone
  • Glucose
  • Ethanol

What is the term for maintaining constant internal conditions in an organism?

  • Adaptation
  • Metabolism
  • Evolution
  • Homeostasis (correct)

What trace element deficiency is associated with goiter, characterized by an enlarged thyroid?

<p>Iodine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the difference between Carbon 12 and Carbon 14?

<p>They have the same number of protons but different masses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is known for the discovery of the DNA double helix structure?

<p>Watson and Crick (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique did Rosalind Franklin use to study DNA structure?

<p>X-ray Crystallography (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientists studied pneumonia bacteria and made observations about transformation?

<p>Frederick Griffith (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are viruses classified as non-living parasites?

<p>They require a host for reproduction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the non-coding segments of eukaryotic DNA called that are removed from mRNA?

<p>Introns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What amino acid corresponds to the codon UUA?

<p>Leu (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following codons is identified as a stop codon?

<p>UAA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the amino acid sequence for the mRNA codon AUG-AUC-GCC?

<p>Met-Ile-Ala (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mRNA codon would result in the amino acid Asparagine (Asn)?

<p>AAC (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An mRNA sequence contains the codon sequence 5'AUG-AAG-GUC-3'. What is the resulting amino acid sequence?

<p>Met-Lys-Val (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the triplet sequence of nucleotides found in mRNA?

<p>Codon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of viral reproductive cycle results in the destruction of the host cell?

<p>Lytic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures facilitate communication between plant cells?

<p>Plasmodesmata (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cytosine and Thymine are classified as which type of nitrogenous bases?

<p>Pyrimidines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with first identifying 'cells' using a simple microscope?

<p>Robert Hooke (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool is best for studying internal structures of a pollen grain at a magnification of 8,000 times?

<p>transmission electron microscope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is not found in a prokaryotic cell?

<p>a nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the surface area to volume ratio as cell size increases?

<p>decreases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

<p>smooth endoplasmic reticulum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

<p>chloroplasts and cell walls (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of intracellular structure would be abundant in an immune cell producing thousands of antibodies?

<p>rough ER (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Tay-Sachs disease, which cellular organelle is not functioning properly?

<p>the lysosome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding cell fractions?

<p>It can separate cellular components based on density. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the animal cell is responsible for producing proteins?

<p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in an animal cell?

<p>Modification and packaging of proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the animal cell's plasma membrane is primarily involved in cell recognition?

<p>Glycoproteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of mitochondria in an animal cell?

<p>Cellular respiration and energy production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The structure responsible for the synthesis of lipids in an animal cell is called:

<p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when ATP is broken down and the third phosphate is removed?

<p>Free energy is released to power cellular functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the reaction A + B → C + D?

<p>Endergonic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What represents the activation energy required for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

<p>The energy barrier that must be overcome for the reaction to proceed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a DNA molecule is 10% Thymine, what percentage of Guanine would be expected?

<p>20% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the leading and lagging strands differ during DNA replication?

<p>The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short Okazaki fragments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for storing, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids?

<p>Golgi apparatus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle would you expect to be abundant in muscle cells due to its role in energy release?

<p>mitochondrion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell junctions seals tissues to prevent fluid leakage?

<p>tight junctions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelles are believed to have evolved from free-living prokaryotes?

<p>Both A and B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules can easily pass through a cell membrane?

<p>small and hydrophobic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Initially comparing the concentrations of the original solutions, side A is what in relation to side B?

<p>hypertonic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs as the molecules move and the system reaches equilibrium?

<p>The sucrose particles move so that the concentration of sucrose is equal on both sides. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which diagram represents an animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

<p>Cell A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is expected to happen to a plant cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

<p>The cell will become turgid but not burst. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the concentrations of sucrose and glucose in the U-tube?

<p>Side A has a higher total solute concentration than side B. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist is known for studying bacteriophages to demonstrate that DNA is the genetic material?

<p>Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following works involve studying bacteria associated with pneumonia and observing transformation?

<p>Frederick Griffith (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary contribution of Watson and Crick to science?

<p>Proposed the model of DNA's double helix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What achievements are associated with Rosalind Franklin in the study of DNA?

<p>Used X-ray crystallography to analyze DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason viruses are classified as non-living entities?

<p>They require a host to reproduce (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Water's unique property NOT related to life

Water becoming more dense as it freezes, so ice floats. This is not a property aiding life.

Molecule with N, C, O, H

An amino acid contains nitrogen (N) along with carbon (C), oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H).

Homeostasis

Maintaining stable internal conditions in an organism, like temperature.

Goiter cause

A goiter, an enlarged thyroid, is often caused by a lack of iodine.

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Isotopes of Carbon

Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 are both carbon, but have different numbers of neutrons, so different masses.

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Best tool to study pollen grain?

A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is the best tool to study internal structures and compartments of a pollen grain requiring high magnification.

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Organelle missing in prokaryotes?

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus.

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Surface area to volume ratio in cell growth

As cell size increases, the surface area to volume ratio decreases.

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Organelle for Oil/Lipid/Steroid synth. & toxin removal?

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids, and detoxifying substances.

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Plant cell unique structures?

Plant cells have chloroplasts and cell walls which animal cells do not have.

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Abundant structure in antibody-producing cells?

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is abundant in cells that produce proteins such as antibodies.

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Organelle malfunction in Tay-Sachs?

Lysosomes malfunction in Tay-Sachs disease, leading to the accumulation of undigested lipids.

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Characteristic feature of prokaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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Beadle and Tatum

Scientists who discovered the 'one gene, one enzyme' hypothesis, meaning each gene directs the production of a specific enzyme.

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Hershey and Chase

Their experiment used radioactive isotopes to prove that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material.

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What experiment proved DNA is the genetic material?

The Hershey and Chase experiment used radioactive isotopes of sulfur and phosphorus to label protein and DNA in viruses, respectively. Infection of bacteria showed only the DNA entered the cells, proving it as the genetic material.

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Introns

Non-coding regions within a gene that are removed from mRNA before it leaves the nucleus.

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What is transformation?

The process where genetic material is transferred from one bacterium to another, changing the recipient's characteristics.

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What is the process shown in the diagram?

The diagram depicts the process of translation, where mRNA is used to create a polypeptide chain.

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Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

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Lytic Cycle

A viral reproductive cycle that destroys the host cell and releases many new viruses.

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Plasmodesmata

Channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.

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Pyrimidines

Cytosine and Thymine are pyrimidines, which are single-ring nitrogenous bases.

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Start Codon

The codon AUG, which signals the beginning of protein synthesis and codes for methionine.

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Stop Codon

One of the three codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) that signal the termination of protein synthesis.

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Mutation in a Codon

A change in a DNA sequence that alters the corresponding mRNA codon, potentially resulting in a different amino acid being incorporated into the protein.

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What happens if a stop codon is mutated?

If a stop codon is mutated into a coding codon, translation will continue beyond the intended termination point, potentially creating a longer, dysfunctional protein.

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ATP Breakdown

When ATP loses its third phosphate group, it releases energy that cells use to power processes like muscle contraction, active transport, and biosynthesis.

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Endergonic Reaction

A chemical reaction that requires energy input to occur. The products have more energy than the reactants.

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Activation Energy

The minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to start, like pushing a boulder over a hill.

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DNA Base Pair Rule

In DNA, Thymine (T) always pairs with Adenine (A), and Cytosine (C) always pairs with Guanine (G).

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Leading vs. Lagging Strands

During DNA replication, the leading strand is synthesized continuously in the same direction as the replication fork, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short fragments (Okazaki fragments) in the opposite direction.

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Golgi's Function

The Golgi apparatus modifies, packages, and sorts proteins and lipids, and synthesizes carbohydrates. It's like the cell's post office, preparing molecules for delivery.

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Energy Powerhouse

Mitochondria are the organelles responsible for cellular respiration, which produces ATP, the cell's energy currency.

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Tight Junctions

Tight junctions act as seals between cells, preventing leaks of fluids and molecules across tissues.

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Endosymbiosis Theory

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are believed to have originated from free-living prokaryotes that were engulfed by larger cells.

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Fluid Mosaic Model

The cell membrane is described as a fluid mosaic because phospholipids can move laterally within the membrane, and are embedded with proteins.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher solute concentration compared to another solution, causing water to move out of the cell.

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Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower solute concentration compared to another solution, causing water to move into the cell.

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Isotonic Solution

A solution with the same solute concentration as another solution, resulting in no net movement of water.

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What happens to an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?

An animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution will swell and potentially lyse (burst) due to the influx of water.

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Equilibrium in Osmosis

The state where the concentration of solutes is equal on both sides of a semipermeable membrane, resulting in no net movement of water.

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Smooth ER function

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in the synthesis of lipids, including oils, phospholipids, and steroids. It also plays a role in detoxifying substances in the cell.

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Rough ER function

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is studded with ribosomes, which are responsible for protein synthesis. It plays a key role in the production and modification of proteins for export from the cell.

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Golgi Apparatus function

The Golgi apparatus is involved in processing and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or use within the cell. It acts like a 'post office' for the cell, sorting and sending out packages.

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Mitochondria function

Mitochondria are often referred to as the 'powerhouses' of the cell because they are responsible for generating energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

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Cell Recognition

Glycoproteins on the surface of the cell play a crucial role in cell-to-cell recognition, allowing cells to distinguish between different types of cells and interact with their environment.

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Griffith's Experiment

Frederick Griffith's experiment demonstrated that genetic material could be transferred from one bacterium to another, causing a change in traits. He used two strains of pneumonia bacteria: one pathogenic (disease-causing) and one non-pathogenic. He found that when heat-killed pathogenic bacteria were mixed with live non-pathogenic bacteria, the non-pathogenic bacteria became pathogenic. This showed that something from the dead bacteria had transformed the live bacteria, and this something was later discovered to be DNA.

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Hershey-Chase Experiment

Hershey and Chase used radioactive isotopes to label the protein and DNA of bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria). They infected bacteria with these labeled phages and found that only the DNA, labeled with phosphorus-32, entered the bacteria, while the protein, labeled with sulfur-35, remained outside. This confirmed DNA, not protein, as the genetic material.

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Watson and Crick

James Watson and Francis Crick were awarded the Nobel Prize for determining the double-helix structure of DNA. They used X-ray diffraction data, obtained by Rosalind Franklin, to build their model of DNA. Their discovery was a major breakthrough in understanding the structure of the genetic material and its function in heredity.

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Introns and Exons

Eukaryotic genes contain both introns and exons. Introns are non-coding segments of DNA within a gene that are removed from the mRNA molecule before it leaves the nucleus. Exons are the coding segments of DNA that are joined together to form the mature mRNA molecule that will be translated into protein.

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Study Notes

Water Properties

  • Water is a universal solvent, dissolving most polar and ionic substances.
  • Water sinks as it freezes, maximizing space and minimizing density.
  • Water has a high surface tension, allowing insects to walk on water.

Organic Molecules

  • Molecules that contain nitrogen besides carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen are steroids, such as testosterone.

Homeostasis

  • Maintaining constant internal conditions is called homeostasis.
  • Homeostasis occurs, for example, through evaporative cooling.

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Test your knowledge on essential biological concepts covered in Chapter 6. This quiz explores properties of water, DNA structure, genetic coding, and the classification of viruses. Perfect for students seeking to reinforce their understanding of these fundamental topics.

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