Biology Chapter 6 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of cilia in the respiratory system?

To synthesize ribosomal RNA

To transport ovum to the uterus

To trap and remove dirt and mucus (correct)

To facilitate cell division

Which structure within a eukaryotic cell contains most of the DNA?

Plasma membrane

Ribosomes

Nucleus (correct)

Nucleolus

How is genome size measured?

In number of chromosomes

In grams per milliliter

In nucleotide pairs of DNA per haploid genome (correct)

In base pairs of RNA

What role do microtubules play during cell division?

They radiate from foci at opposite ends of the cell Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance of DNA within the nucleus during certain stages of cell growth?

Dispersed as fine threads throughout the nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a function of the nucleolus?

DNA synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the nucleus is responsible for the nuclear envelope structure?

Both inner and outer nuclear membranes Signup and view all the answers

What do flagella and cilia have in common?

Both are used for movement in various organisms Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the main characteristic of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

Energy production through ATP synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly identifies a feature shared by all eukaryotic cells?

All contain ribosomes and a nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for maintaining the shape of plant cells?

Cell wall. Signup and view all the answers

How are eukaryotic cells organized in multicellular organisms?

They form tissues and cooperate to perform complex functions. Signup and view all the answers

How did eukaryotic cells likely evolve their complex structures?

By acquiring organelles through engulfing prokaryotic cells. Signup and view all the answers

What do all eukaryotic cells have in common regarding their organelles?

They have the same basic set of membrane-enclosed organelles. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates rough ER from smooth ER?

Rough ER is associated with ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Golgi apparatus play in the cell?

It modifies and packages proteins for transport. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell exclusively contains lysosomes?

Animal cells only. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of vacuoles in plant cells?

Storage of water and nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which large, insoluble particles are internalized by the cell?

Phagocytosis. Signup and view all the answers

What is synthesized in the rough ER?

Secreted proteins and membrane proteins. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of modifications do proteins undergo in the Golgi apparatus?

Chemical modifications by enzymes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes?

Synthesis of lipids. Signup and view all the answers

What function do plant vacuoles share with lysosomes in animal cells?

Degradative function Signup and view all the answers

What do glyoxisomes produce during their metabolic processes?

Hydrogen peroxide Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding mitochondria?

Present in all eukaryotic cells except some anaerobic eukaryotes Signup and view all the answers

Who recognized mitochondria as organelles and referred to them as 'bioblasts'?

Richard Altmann Signup and view all the answers

In histological studies, what colors do the nucleus and mitochondria appear when stained?

Blue nucleus and green mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant structural feature of mitochondria as seen under a super-resolution confocal microscope?

Complex branched networks Signup and view all the answers

What pH level is typically found in the lumen of a vacuole?

Acidic pH Signup and view all the answers

What role does catalase play in the function of glyoxisomes?

Degradation of hydrogen peroxide Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

Hosting proteins for cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

Why is the inner membrane of the mitochondria highly folded?

To provide a large surface area for cellular respiration Signup and view all the answers

What does the double membrane structure of present-day mitochondria suggest about their origin?

They originated from prokaryotic organisms Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the mitochondrion is depicted as orange in the schematic representation?

Interior space Signup and view all the answers

What is ATP primarily used for in the cell?

Providing energy for cellular processes Signup and view all the answers

How do mitochondria contribute to the cell's energy needs?

By producing ATP Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature aids mitochondria in maximizing their efficiency for cellular respiration?

Extensive infolding of the inner membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the outer membrane of the mitochondria?

It is relatively smooth and surrounds the inner membrane Signup and view all the answers

What are the principal fuels for ATP synthesis in non-photosynthetic cells?

Fatty acids and glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of chloroplasts?

They are larger than mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Which process do mitochondria primarily perform?

Oxidation of sugars Signup and view all the answers

What common feature do mitochondria and chloroplasts share?

They both migrate within cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

To synthesize sugars and release oxygen Signup and view all the answers

How can the function of an organelle be determined?

Through disruptions and subsequent centrifugation Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts?

To produce organelle-specific proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the aqueous matrix inside chloroplasts called?

Stroma Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Structure and Organelles

"Essential Cell Biology" by Bruce Alberts et al., Garland Science, 2014
This text provides a summary of cellular structures and organelles

Historical Landmarks in Determining Cell Structure

1665: Robert Hooke observed small chambers in cork, naming them "cells."
1674: Antony van Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa and bacteria.
1833: Robert Brown described the cell nucleus.
1839: Schleiden and Schwann developed the cell theory (the cell is the basic unit of life).
1857: Rudolf Kölliker described mitochondria in muscle cells.
1879: Walther Flemming described chromosome behavior during mitosis.
1881: Cajal and others developed staining techniques for nerve cells.
1898: Camillo Golgi described the Golgi apparatus.
1902: Theodor Boveri connected chromosomes and heredity.
1952: George Emil Palade, Keith R. Porter, and Kaj Sjöstrand developed electron microscope techniques.
1957: J. David Robertson described the cell membrane bilayer structure.
1960: John Cowdry described first detailed protein structure.
1965: Christian de Duve and colleagues separated peroxisomes, mitochondria, and lysosomes.
1968: Petran and collaborators created the first confocal microscope.
1970: Frye and Edidin demonstrated that cell membranes are fluid.
1974: Lazarides and Weber used fluorescent antibodies to stain the cytoskeleton.
1994: Chalfie and collaborators introduced green fluorescent protein (GFP).

Prokaryotic Cell Structure and Function

Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea): smaller, simpler cells, with a single membrane
Cytoplasm contains DNA in nucleoid area
Cell wall outside of plasma membrane
Periplasmic space between plasma membrane and cell wall
Outer membranes in Gram-negative bacteria

The Eukaryotic Cell

Eukaryotes (e.g., plants, animals, fungi) are larger, more complex cells with a nucleus and other organelles.
Some live as single cells, others in multicellular organisms
More complex than bacteria and archaea

The Complexity of a Single Cell

Extremely complex systems within single cells

All Eukaryotic Cells Have the Same Basic Set of Membrane-enclosed Organelles

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles
Examples: mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, ribosomes, endosomes

Relative Volumes of Intracellular Compartments in a Liver Cell

Table shows relative volumes of various compartments (e.g., cytosol, mitochondria, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi cisternae, nucleus, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endosome) within a liver cell (Hepatocyte).

Relative Amounts of Membrane Types in Two Kinds of Eukaryotic Cells

Table shows relative amounts of different membrane types in liver hepatocytes and pancreatic exocrine cells.
Demonstrates the differing amounts for different parts of the cell.

Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function (Plant and Animal Cells)

Animal cells typically have round or irregular shapes, with 10–30 µm length
Plant cells typically have rectangular or cubic shapes, with 10–100 µm length
Distinguishing cell features include cell walls, chloroplasts, vacuoles; cilia and flagella; centrioles and centrosomes.

Cell Differences (Venn Diagram)

Shows similarities and differences between plant and animal cells in terms of structures and functions

Cells Form Tissues in Plants and Animals

Microscopic images of plant (fern root tip) and animal (kidney) tissues are shown.
Shows how cells combine to create tissues

Eukaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and various organelles.
The acquisition of mitochondria and chloroplasts are crucial aspects for the evolution

Plasma Membrane

Defines the cell boundary.
Regulates homeostasis (internal balance).
Communicates with other cells.
Supports cell shape.
Contains phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol.

Cytoskeleton

An array of fibrous proteins within the cytoplasm.
Three classes: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
Maintains cell shape and controls movement of structures within the cell.
Essential for cell division

Microtubules

Help distribute chromosomes during cell division.

Cilia and Flagella

Found on the cell surface.
Provide movement.
Composed of microtubules.
Used in various functions like respiration or reproduction.

Male Sex Cells - Sperm

Diagram shows head (contains acrosome, nucleus, centrioles), midsection (mitochondria), and tail (flagellum)

Nucleus

Contains the genetic information (DNA).
Composed of nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear membrane, cytosol

Introduction (Nucleus)

Displays components of a cell's nucleus (nuclear pores, membranes etc.)

Chromosome Behavior (S-Phase and Sister Chromatids)

Shows diagrams of chromosomes during the S phase

Extensive System of Membranous Organelles

Explains the purpose of a typical animal cell's nucleus and the different parts of it (e.g., the nuclear envelope, cytoplasm)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Extensive network of membranes within the cell
Continuous with nuclear envelope
Rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER doesn't.
Involved in protein synthesis, lipid synthesis.

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Produces components of eukaryotic cells.
Has a continuous connection to the nuclear envelope.
Rough ER has ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis.

Golgi Complex

Composed of a stack of flattened discs (cisternae).
Modifies and packages proteins.
Involved in secretion or transport to other destinations.

Transport Vesicles in Golgi Function

The process of secretion and post-translational regulation. -Vesicles carrying molecules bud off from the ER and travel to the golgi apparatus
proteins packaged and sent through the golgi
vesicles leave the Golgi with modified molecules

Lysosomes

Exclusive to animal cells.
Degrade cellular components.
Autophagy is a natural process for breaking down unnecessary cellular parts.
Lysosomes contain enzymes for this breakdown.

Plant Vacuole

Present in plant cells.
Stores water and nutrients.
Has a degradative function similar to lysosomes in animal cells.

Peroxisomes

Contain a variety of enzymes.
Responsible for various metabolic processes.
Also involve breaking down hydrogen peroxide.
Contain different enzymes that carry out oxidation reactions in plants and animals
Similar to lysosomes, contain many enzymes for various chemical processes.

Mitochondria

Generate usable energy (ATP) in aerobic cells (animals, fungi, plants).
Found in all eukaryotic cells
Contain their own DNA and ribosomes
Have a distinctive structure with an outer and inner membrane

History (Mitochondria)

Summarizes the historical discovery of Mitochondria.

Mitochondria Shape and Size

Mitochondria can vary in size and shape

Mitochondria Structure

Shows the structure of mitochondria by 2D & 3D diagrams.
Explains the function of mitochondria in detail

Mitochondria (Main Site of ATP Production)

Major sites for ATP production in cells.
Contains a matrix, cristae, mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and other important structures

Energy Tally (ATP Production)

Shows calculation of ATP produced in cells

Human Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

Shows the structure of mtDNA and the parts it codes for.

Chloroplasts

Sites for photosynthesis in plants, algae
Capture energy from sunlight
Contain their own DNA and ribosomes

Chloroplasts Structure

Displays the internal structures of chloroplasts by 2D & 3D diagrams -Contains a double membrane
Thylakoid membranes inside chloroplasts.
Site of photosynthesis inside plant (algae) cells.

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Eukaryotic cells continuously import and export materials through these processes.
Vesicles form from the plasma membrane.
Vesicles fuse with other organelles to deliver substances to and from them
Vesicles with material bud off from the membrane and migrate
Process is how substances are imported into and exported from the cell

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Description

Test your knowledge on the cellular structures and functions discussed in Chapter 6 of your biology textbook. This quiz covers essential topics such as cilia, DNA structure, and the role of microtubules in cell division. Assess your understanding of these key concepts!