Questions and Answers
List the levels of classification developed by Linnaeus, from the broadest category to the most specific.
kingdom, class, order, family, genus, species
Compare and contrast Aristotle's system of classification with that of Linnaeus.
Aristotle classified animals based on where they lived, while Linnaeus used an animal's morphology.
Why are the organisms in the Kingdom Protista grouped together?
They have no complex tissues, separating them from other eukaryotes.
What does a cladogram of a group of organisms represent?
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Explain how embryological evidence helps to define phylogeny.
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Compare and contrast the six-kingdom system of classification with the three-domain system.
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What is Taxonomy?
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A binomial naming system employs a three-part name.
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What is Domain in biological classification?
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What are Prokaryotes?
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What is Cladistics?
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What does Morphological evidence refer to?
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Define Phylogeny.
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What does Autotrophic mean?
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What does Heterotrophic mean?
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What are Fungi?
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What is Vascular tissue in plants?
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What does Eukaryotic mean?
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What is a Flagellum?
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What are Cilia?
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What is Embryological evidence?
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What is Archea?
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What is an Angiosperm?
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What is a Gymnosperm?
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What does Nonvascular mean?
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What are Invertebrates?
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Define Chordate.
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What is Homeostasis?
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What is a Lytic infection?
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What is a Lysogenic infection?
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What is a Pathogen?
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What is a Prion?
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What are Antibiotics?
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How does Linnaeus' classification approach differ from modern classification?
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What distinguishes Archaeabacteria from eubacteria?
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How do bacteria cause diseases?
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What are Protists?
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What does it mean when a virus is described as 'asleep'?
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What is the significance of shared derived characteristics?
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Study Notes
Levels of Classification
- Linnaeus established six levels of classification: kingdom, class, order, family, genus, species, arranged from broadest to most specific.
Classification Systems
- Aristotle's classification system categorized animals based on their habitats, contrasting Linnaeus's focus on morphological characteristics and fossil evidence.
- The six-kingdom system includes Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, while the three-domain system separates life into Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
- The three-domain system emerged as new evidence highlighted significant differences between prokaryote groups, influencing classification.
Kingdom Protista
- Organisms in the Kingdom Protista are diverse but share the absence of complex tissue, marking their distinction from other eukaryotes.
Cladograms and Phylogeny
- A cladogram illustrates the evolutionary history and relationships among organisms, indicating common ancestry and resemblance between them.
- Embryological evidence helps trace evolutionary lineage by highlighting differences in developing organisms, aiding phylogenetic studies.
Taxonomy Terminology
- Taxonomy refers to the scientific classification of living organisms.
- Binomial nomenclature employs a two-part naming system for species.
- Domain is the highest classification level, encompassing three primary groups.
Organism Characteristics
- Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus.
- Cladistics use shared derived characteristics to determine evolutionary relationships among taxa.
- Morphological evidence comes from the study of physical structures in both fossil records and living organisms.
- Phylogeny describes the evolutionary history of an organism.
Nutrition Types
- Autotrophic organisms produce their own energy, whereas heterotrophic organisms depend on other organisms for nourishment.
Fungi and Plant Structures
- Fungi are heterotrophic and can be unicellular or multicellular, playing a crucial role in decomposing organic matter.
- Vascular tissue in plants facilitates the efficient transport of water.
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, in contrast to prokaryotic cells that do not.
Movement Structures
- Flagella are tail-like structures used by protists for movement, while cilia are hair-like projections that assist in motility.
Embryological Evidence
- Embryological studies look at changes in organisms pre-birth to aid classification and understanding of evolutionary relationships.
Domains of Life
- Archaea consists of ancient bacteria, distinct in biochemical and genetic properties.
Plant Types
- Angiosperms are flowering plants, and gymnosperms are plants with "naked seeds."
Vascular and Nonvascular Plants
- Nonvascular plants lack vascular tissue, often featuring rhizoids for anchorage, examples include mosses and lichens.
Animal Classifications
- Invertebrates are animals without a backbone, while chordates possess a notochord at some stage in their development.
Biological Processes
- Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of stable internal conditions in organisms.
- Lytic infections lead to the destruction of host cells, while lysogenic infections allow a virus to remain dormant within the host.
Pathogens and Infectious Agents
- Pathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases; prions are infectious proteins that can lead to disease.
Antibiotics
- Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections but ineffective against viral infections.
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering the classification systems developed by Linnaeus and Aristotle. Explore the levels of classification from kingdom to species, and compare the differences between these two systems. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of biological classification.