Biology Chapter 6 Classification Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

List the levels of classification developed by Linnaeus, from the broadest category to the most specific.

kingdom, class, order, family, genus, species

Compare and contrast Aristotle's system of classification with that of Linnaeus.

Aristotle classified animals based on where they lived, while Linnaeus used an animal's morphology.

Why are the organisms in the Kingdom Protista grouped together?

They have no complex tissues, separating them from other eukaryotes.

What does a cladogram of a group of organisms represent?

The evolutionary history of different organisms and their common ancestor. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how embryological evidence helps to define phylogeny.

Embryological evidence shows the differences between developing organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Compare and contrast the six-kingdom system of classification with the three-domain system.

The three-domain system consists of Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya; the six kingdoms include Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Signup and view all the answers

What is Taxonomy?

The scientific study of how living things are classified. Signup and view all the answers

A binomial naming system employs a three-part name.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is Domain in biological classification?

The broadest level of classification. Signup and view all the answers

What are Prokaryotes?

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What is Cladistics?

A classification system that uses shared derived characters. Signup and view all the answers

What does Morphological evidence refer to?

Evidence from fossil records and living organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Define Phylogeny.

The evolutionary history of an organism. Signup and view all the answers

What does Autotrophic mean?

An organism that makes its own energy to survive. Signup and view all the answers

What does Heterotrophic mean?

An organism that feeds on other organisms to survive. Signup and view all the answers

What are Fungi?

Heterotrophic uni/multicellular organisms that break down dead matter. Signup and view all the answers

What is Vascular tissue in plants?

Tissue that enables plants to draw plenty of water. Signup and view all the answers

What does Eukaryotic mean?

A cell that contains a nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Flagellum?

A tail-like structure that protists use to move. Signup and view all the answers

What are Cilia?

Hair-like structures that allow protists to move. Signup and view all the answers

What is Embryological evidence?

Evidence from pre-birth, developing organisms. Signup and view all the answers

What is Archea?

A domain that includes ancient bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

What is an Angiosperm?

A flower-producing plant. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Gymnosperm?

A plant that means 'naked seed.' Signup and view all the answers

What does Nonvascular mean?

Lacks vascular tissue, most have rhizoids. Signup and view all the answers

What are Invertebrates?

Animals that lack a backbone. Signup and view all the answers

Define Chordate.

An animal that has a notochord at least one point during its life. Signup and view all the answers

What is Homeostasis?

Stable internal conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Lytic infection?

A type of infection in which the host cell bursts. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Lysogenic infection?

A type of infection in which the host cell is not immediately taken over. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Pathogen?

A microorganism that causes a disease. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Prion?

A protein infectious particle. Signup and view all the answers

What are Antibiotics?

Drugs that can be used to treat bacterial diseases. Signup and view all the answers

How does Linnaeus' classification approach differ from modern classification?

Linnaeus used morphology; modern classification uses evolutionary history. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Archaeabacteria from eubacteria?

Archaeabacteria lack peptidoglycan in their walls and contain different lipids. Signup and view all the answers

How do bacteria cause diseases?

By destroying living cells or releasing chemicals that disturb homeostasis. Signup and view all the answers

What are Protists?

Eukaryotes that are not members of the plant, animal, or fungi kingdoms. Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean when a virus is described as 'asleep'?

It refers to the lysogenic cycle where the virus is dormant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of shared derived characteristics?

They help trace the evolutionary lineage of organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Levels of Classification

Linnaeus established six levels of classification: kingdom, class, order, family, genus, species, arranged from broadest to most specific.

Classification Systems

Aristotle's classification system categorized animals based on their habitats, contrasting Linnaeus's focus on morphological characteristics and fossil evidence.
The six-kingdom system includes Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, while the three-domain system separates life into Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
The three-domain system emerged as new evidence highlighted significant differences between prokaryote groups, influencing classification.

Kingdom Protista

Organisms in the Kingdom Protista are diverse but share the absence of complex tissue, marking their distinction from other eukaryotes.

Cladograms and Phylogeny

A cladogram illustrates the evolutionary history and relationships among organisms, indicating common ancestry and resemblance between them.
Embryological evidence helps trace evolutionary lineage by highlighting differences in developing organisms, aiding phylogenetic studies.

Taxonomy Terminology

Taxonomy refers to the scientific classification of living organisms.
Binomial nomenclature employs a two-part naming system for species.
Domain is the highest classification level, encompassing three primary groups.

Organism Characteristics

Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus.
Cladistics use shared derived characteristics to determine evolutionary relationships among taxa.
Morphological evidence comes from the study of physical structures in both fossil records and living organisms.
Phylogeny describes the evolutionary history of an organism.

Nutrition Types

Autotrophic organisms produce their own energy, whereas heterotrophic organisms depend on other organisms for nourishment.

Fungi and Plant Structures

Fungi are heterotrophic and can be unicellular or multicellular, playing a crucial role in decomposing organic matter.
Vascular tissue in plants facilitates the efficient transport of water.

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus, in contrast to prokaryotic cells that do not.

Movement Structures

Flagella are tail-like structures used by protists for movement, while cilia are hair-like projections that assist in motility.

Embryological Evidence

Embryological studies look at changes in organisms pre-birth to aid classification and understanding of evolutionary relationships.

Domains of Life

Archaea consists of ancient bacteria, distinct in biochemical and genetic properties.

Plant Types

Angiosperms are flowering plants, and gymnosperms are plants with "naked seeds."

Vascular and Nonvascular Plants

Nonvascular plants lack vascular tissue, often featuring rhizoids for anchorage, examples include mosses and lichens.

Animal Classifications

Invertebrates are animals without a backbone, while chordates possess a notochord at some stage in their development.

Biological Processes

Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of stable internal conditions in organisms.
Lytic infections lead to the destruction of host cells, while lysogenic infections allow a virus to remain dormant within the host.

Pathogens and Infectious Agents

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases; prions are infectious proteins that can lead to disease.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections but ineffective against viral infections.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering the classification systems developed by Linnaeus and Aristotle. Explore the levels of classification from kingdom to species, and compare the differences between these two systems. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of biological classification.