Questions and Answers
What causes amoeboid movement in cells?
Interaction of actin filaments with myosin
What drives cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells?
Myosin motors interacting with actin filaments
What are the motor proteins that move the microfilaments in muscle?
Myosin
What are two functions of intermediate filaments?
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What are three functions of the cell wall?
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What is the relatively thin and flexible wall secreted first by a plant cell?
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What is the composition of the cell wall?
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What is the middle lamella and where is it found?
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Explain the deposition of a secondary cell wall.
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What are the intercellular junctions between plant cells?
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What can pass through plasmodesmata?
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What is the difference between magnification and resolution?
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What is considered a major disadvantage of electron microscopes?
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What does scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provide?
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What is transmission electron microscopy (TEM)?
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Which organelles are the smallest ones isolated in cell fractionation?
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Which two domains consist of prokaryotic cells?
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Describe the location of DNA in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
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What is the structure of a cell wall?
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What is the function of the plasma membrane?
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What is the nucleoid?
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What does a bacterial chromosome carry?
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What is the cytoplasm?
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What are flagella?
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Why are cells so small?
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What are microvilli and how do they relate to the function of intestinal cells?
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Describe the nuclear envelope.
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What is the nuclear lamina?
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What are the two components of chromatin?
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When are the nucleoli visible and what is assembled there?
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What is the function of ribosomes?
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What are free ribosomes?
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What are bound ribosomes?
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List all the structures of the endomembrane system.
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What is the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum?
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List and describe three major functions of the smooth ER.
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Why does alcohol abuse increase tolerance to other drugs such as barbiturates?
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What does the rough ER do with secretory proteins?
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What is a lysosome?
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What happens in the process of phagocytosis?
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Describe the process of autophagy.
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What happens in Tay-Sachs disease?
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What are food vacuoles?
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What are contractile vacuoles?
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What do central vacuoles in plants do?
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What is an endosymbiont?
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What is the endosymbiont theory?
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What is the function of the mitochondria?
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What is the function of chloroplasts?
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Why is the inner membrane of the mitochondria highly folded?
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What is the important role played by peroxisomes?
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What is the cytoskeleton?
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What are the three roles of the cytoskeleton?
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Name the three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton.
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What are four functions of microtubules?
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What is another name for centrosomes?
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What is the organization of microtubules in a centriole?
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Compare and contrast cilia and flagella.
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How do motor proteins called dyneins cause movement of cilia?
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What are three examples of movements that involve microfilaments?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Cell Study
- Robert Hooke first described cells in 1665 using oak tree cork.
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek improved lens crafting, revealing a microscopic world.
- Magnification measures size ratio of image to object; resolution indicates image clarity by showing the smallest distance two points remain distinct.
Microscopy Techniques
- Electron microscopes allow detailed viewing of cell structures but require specimen preparation that kills cells.
- Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides three-dimensional images of specimens.
- Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals thin sections of cells for various views.
Cell Structure and Organization
- Cell fractionation separates cellular components through centrifugation, isolating organelles, with ribosomes being the smallest.
- Prokaryotic cells belong to two domains: Bacteria and Archaea.
- Eukaryotic cells contain DNA in a nucleus; prokaryotes have DNA in a non-membrane-bound nucleoid.
Cellular Components
- The cell wall is a rigid structure outside of the plasma membrane.
- The plasma membrane encloses the cytoplasm, regulating material exchange.
- Flagella serve as locomotion organelles in some bacteria.
Cell Size and Surface Area
- High surface-to-volume ratio is crucial for material exchange, explaining smaller cell sizes.
- Microvilli increase surface area in intestinal cells, enhancing nutrient absorption.
Nucleus and Genetic Material
- The nuclear envelope, a double membrane, encases the nucleus and connects through the nuclear lamina for structural support.
- Chromatin, composed of DNA and proteins, condenses into distinct chromosomes during cell division.
- Nucleoli, visible in active cells, assemble ribosomal subunits from proteins and rRNA.
Ribosomes
- Ribosomes synthesize proteins; can be free (in cytosol) or bound (attached to rough ER).
- The endomembrane system includes nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Rough ER has ribosomes and processes secretory proteins, while smooth ER synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs, and stores calcium ions.
- Alcohol abuse leads to increased smooth ER, augmenting drug detoxification.
Lysosomes and Vacuoles
- Lysosomes digest macromolecules using hydrolytic enzymes, maintaining an acidic pH.
- Phagocytosis and autophagy are processes where lysosomes recycle cellular components.
- Food vacuoles are formed by phagocytosis, while contractile vacuoles expel excess water.
Plant Cell Vacuoles
- Central vacuoles store inorganic ions and play a role in plant cell growth, absorbing water to enlarge.
Endosymbiont Theory
- The endosymbiont theory posits that eukaryotic cells evolved from engulfed prokaryotes, explaining mitochondria and chloroplasts' double membranes and DNA.
Energy Organelles
- Mitochondria conduct cellular respiration, converting nutrients into ATP.
- Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis, turning sunlight into chemical energy.
Cytoskeleton
- Cytoskeleton maintains cell shape, provides mechanical support, and facilitates cell movement.
- Composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, each serving specific roles.
Fiber Functions
- Microtubules assist in maintaining shape, cell motility, and movement of chromosomes.
- Microfilaments enable muscle contraction through myosin interactions and support amoeboid movement.
- Intermediate filaments provide structural stability and anchor organelles.
Cilia and Flagella
- Cilia and flagella are microtubule-containing structures that differ in motion patterns, with cilia performing a rowing motion and flagella an undulating motion.
Peroxisomes
- Peroxisomes contain enzymes for oxidation reactions, producing hydrogen peroxide, which is quickly broken down.
Plant Cell Wall Structure
- The cell wall protects, maintains shape, and prevents excess water uptake.
- Composed of cellulose microfibrils, primary and secondary walls, and pectin-rich middle lamella connecting adjacent cells.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of cell biology through flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 6. Learn about the history of cell discovery, including contributions from Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek. This quiz will deepen your understanding of cell magnification and resolution.