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Questions and Answers
What is chromatin?
What is chromatin?
Loose combination of DNA and proteins that is present during interphase.
What is a chromatid?
What is a chromatid?
One half of a duplicated chromosome.
What is a centromere?
What is a centromere?
Region of condensed chromosome that looks pinched; where spindle fibers attach during mitosis and meiosis.
What is a telomere?
What is a telomere?
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What happens during prophase?
What happens during prophase?
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What occurs during metaphase?
What occurs during metaphase?
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What is anaphase?
What is anaphase?
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What happens during telophase?
What happens during telophase?
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What is meant by the cell cycle?
What is meant by the cell cycle?
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What is mitosis?
What is mitosis?
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What is cytokinesis?
What is cytokinesis?
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What are chromosomes?
What are chromosomes?
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What is a histone?
What is a histone?
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What occurs during the G1 phase?
What occurs during the G1 phase?
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What happens during DNA synthesis?
What happens during DNA synthesis?
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What happens during the G2 phase?
What happens during the G2 phase?
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How do the G1 and G2 phases get their names?
How do the G1 and G2 phases get their names?
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During which two phases of the cell cycle must cells pass through a critical checkpoint?
During which two phases of the cell cycle must cells pass through a critical checkpoint?
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Where does DNA synthesis happen in eukaryotic cells?
Where does DNA synthesis happen in eukaryotic cells?
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What two processes make up the M stage?
What two processes make up the M stage?
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Among different types of cells, which stage of the cell cycle varies most in length?
Among different types of cells, which stage of the cell cycle varies most in length?
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What is G0?
What is G0?
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What typically increases faster as a cell grows, surface area or volume?
What typically increases faster as a cell grows, surface area or volume?
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For cells to stay the same size from generation to generation, what two things must be coordinated?
For cells to stay the same size from generation to generation, what two things must be coordinated?
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What process divides the cell's cytoplasm?
What process divides the cell's cytoplasm?
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What process divides the cell nucleus and its contents?
What process divides the cell nucleus and its contents?
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What is a chromosome?
What is a chromosome?
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Why do chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis?
Why do chromosomes condense at the start of mitosis?
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Why are chromosomes not condensed during all stages of the cell cycle?
Why are chromosomes not condensed during all stages of the cell cycle?
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How does interphase prepare the cell to divide?
How does interphase prepare the cell to divide?
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In what types of cells does mitosis occur?
In what types of cells does mitosis occur?
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Describe cytokinesis.
Describe cytokinesis.
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Describe prophase.
Describe prophase.
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Describe metaphase.
Describe metaphase.
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Describe anaphase.
Describe anaphase.
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Describe telophase.
Describe telophase.
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How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?
How does cytokinesis differ between plant and animal cells?
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DNA wraps around organizing proteins called?
DNA wraps around organizing proteins called?
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______ is the loose combination of DNA and proteins that kind of look like spaghetti.
______ is the loose combination of DNA and proteins that kind of look like spaghetti.
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Sister chromatids are held together at the ______, which looks pinched.
Sister chromatids are held together at the ______, which looks pinched.
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The ends of DNA molecules form structures called _____ that help prevent the loss of genes.
The ends of DNA molecules form structures called _____ that help prevent the loss of genes.
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What are internal factors in cell cycle regulation?
What are internal factors in cell cycle regulation?
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What are external factors in cell cycle regulation?
What are external factors in cell cycle regulation?
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What are carcinogens?
What are carcinogens?
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Give examples of carcinogens.
Give examples of carcinogens.
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How are cancer cells characterized?
How are cancer cells characterized?
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Cancer cells may form ______.
Cancer cells may form ______.
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Cancer cells may be killed by?
Cancer cells may be killed by?
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What are tumors?
What are tumors?
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What is apoptosis?
What is apoptosis?
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What are the two types of tumors?
What are the two types of tumors?
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What does malignant mean?
What does malignant mean?
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What does benign mean?
What does benign mean?
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Give an example of apoptosis in healthy organisms.
Give an example of apoptosis in healthy organisms.
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Growth factors stimulate?
Growth factors stimulate?
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What type of disease may result if cell division isn't properly regulated?
What type of disease may result if cell division isn't properly regulated?
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List three ways mutations can occur in genes involved in cell cycle regulation.
List three ways mutations can occur in genes involved in cell cycle regulation.
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What does metastasize mean?
What does metastasize mean?
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What is a substance known to produce or promote the development of cancer?
What is a substance known to produce or promote the development of cancer?
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What is chromosome structure?
What is chromosome structure?
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What are the limitations of cell size?
What are the limitations of cell size?
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Summarize Section 5.1 about the cell cycle.
Summarize Section 5.1 about the cell cycle.
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Summarize Section 5.2 about mitosis and cytokinesis.
Summarize Section 5.2 about mitosis and cytokinesis.
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Summarize Section 5.3 about the regulation of the cell cycle.
Summarize Section 5.3 about the regulation of the cell cycle.
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Summarize Section 5.4 about asexual reproduction.
Summarize Section 5.4 about asexual reproduction.
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Summarize Section 5.5 about multicellular life.
Summarize Section 5.5 about multicellular life.
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Study Notes
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
- Chromatin: Loose DNA and protein combination present during interphase.
- Chromatid: One half of a duplicated chromosome, essential for cell division.
- Centromere: Pinched region of a condensed chromosome where spindle fibers attach during mitosis/meiosis.
- Telomere: Repeating nucleotide sequences at DNA ends that protect genes from loss.
Phases of Mitosis
- Prophase: First stage; chromatin condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrosomes move apart.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align along the cell equator, facilitated by spindle fibers.
- Anaphase: Chromatids separate and move to opposite cellular poles.
- Telophase: Nuclear membranes form, chromosomes decondense, and spindle fibers disassemble.
Cell Cycle Overview
- G1 Phase: Cells grow and increase organelle number.
- Synthesis: DNA replication occurs, doubling genetic material.
- Gap 2: Cells further grow and maintain normal functions before division.
- Mitosis: Process of nucleus division, followed by cytokinesis to divide the cytoplasm.
Cellular Function and Regulation
- Critical checkpoints exist during synthesis and mitosis to ensure proper division.
- Internal factors such as kinases and cyclins regulate cell cycle progression.
- External factors include cell-to-cell contact and growth factors influencing proliferation.
Cancer and Tumor Formation
- Carcinogens are substances promoting cancer development.
- Cancer cells' uncontrolled division leads to tumor formation, characterized by disorganized growth.
- Two tumor types: Malignant (can metastasize) and Benign (remain localized).
- Apoptosis: Programmed cell death essential for normal development and eliminating unhealthy cells.
Genetic Stability and Mutations
- Variations in the G1 phase length differ among cell types, indicating their roles in the organism.
- Mutations in regulatory genes can arise from heredity, radiation exposure, or chemical agents.
- Metastasis occurs when cancer cells spread from the original tumor site.
Asexual Reproduction
- Organisms, particularly prokaryotes and some eukaryotes, reproduce via binary fission or mitosis, respectively.
- Asexual offspring are typically genetically identical to parent organisms unless mutations occur.
Multicellular Organization
- Multicellular organisms feature specialized cells forming tissues, organs, and systems.
- Cell differentiation is influenced by location during development, exemplified by stem cells that can renew indefinitely.
Summary of Cell Cycle Segments
- The cell cycle includes distinct phases that regulate growth and division.
- Mitosis effectively divides the nucleus into two identical nuclei, while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm.
- Cell cycle regulation is crucial for healthy growth, preventing cancerous development and maintaining normal cellular processes.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of key terms in Biology Chapter 5 with these flashcards. Covering important concepts such as chromatin, chromatids, centromeres, and telomeres, this quiz is essential for mastering the content. Perfect for review before exams or as a study aid!