Biology Chapter 5 Quiz

Metabolic pathways that break down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.

Metabolic pathways that build larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy.

A chemical reaction that releases energy.

A chemical reaction that requires energy to proceed.

A measure of the energy available to do work in a chemical reaction.

Indicates an exergonic reaction; the reaction releases free energy.

Indicates an endergonic reaction; the reaction absorbs free energy.

The minimum amount of energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.

A reaction where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate.

Molecule movement from high to low concentration across the membrane without proteins and energy.

The process of breaking down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.

Molecule movement across the membrane from high to low concentration with the help of transport proteins, no energy needed.

The first stage of cellular respiration, breaking down glucose into pyruvate.

Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA, linking glycolysis to the Krebs cycle.

Molecule movement against the concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP) and proteins.

A cyclical metabolic pathway producing ATP and other energy-carrying molecules.

Difference in the concentration of molecules across a membrane.

A key intermediate in metabolism connecting glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle.

Protein that helps molecules move across the membrane.

Molecule movement across the membrane without needing energy.

The starting molecule for cellular respiration.

The main energy source for active transport.

The end product of glycolysis.

Adenosine triphosphate; the main energy currency of the cell.

A type of active transport that moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.

Loss of electrons in a chemical reaction.

Gain of electrons in a chemical reaction.

The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

The pressure exerted by the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane due to differences in solute concentration.

A solution with a higher solute concentration outside the cell than inside. Water moves out of the cell.

A solution with a higher solute concentration inside the cell than outside. Water moves into the cell.

A solution with an equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell. Water moves in and out equally.

Shrinking of an animal cell due to water loss in a hypertonic solution.

Bursting of an animal cell due to water gain in a hypotonic solution.

Pulling away of the cell membrane from the cell wall in a plant cell in a hypertonic solution.

The liquid that dissolves a solute to form a solution.

The solid substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution.

A thin layer surrounding a cell that controls what enters and exits the cell.

A molecule that enters the Krebs cycle, providing carbon atoms for energy production.

Electron carrier in cellular respiration, which accepts a hydrogen ion (H) and subsequently forms NADH.

Electron carrier in cellular respiration, accepting two hydrogen ions (2H) forming FADH2.

A reaction in the Krebs cycle where GDP converts to GTP, releasing energy.

The main energy storage molecule in a cell. Not directly produced in the Krebs cycle.

The Krebs cycle releases energy in a series of reactions. 12 oxygen molecules are not released.

Bacterial cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan.

Archaeal cell walls are constructed of pseudomurein.

Prokaryotic DNA is typically single, circular, and may contain plasmids.

Bacteria membranes differ from archaea membranes. Bacterial lipid bonds are bonded to glycerol. Archaea have hydrocarbon chains bonded to glycerol.

Proteins that DNA wraps around, forming nucleosomes.

DNA wrapped around a histone octamer.

A complex of eight histone proteins that DNA coils around to form a nucleosome.

A tightly coiled structure formed from nucleosomes.

Organized DNA and protein complex that condenses into chromosomes.

Highly condensed structure of DNA containing the genetic material.

A cell or organism with two sets of chromosomes (e.g., humans have 46 chromosomes)

A cell or organism with one set of chromosomes

46

23

A gene whose trait appears in offspring even if only one copy is present

A gene whose trait appears in offspring only when two copies are present

A chromosome with the centromere located in the middle

A chromosome with the centromere slightly off-center

A chromosome with the centromere located very close to one end

Openings in the nuclear membrane that allow substances to pass in and out of the nucleus.

A dense region within the nucleus where ribosomes are assembled.

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes.

Organized structures of DNA and proteins that carry genetic information.

The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, protecting it.

A network of proteins that give the nucleus its structure and support.

One half of a duplicated chromosome.

Two identical chromatids formed from one original chromosome.

The region where sister chromatids connect.

Protective caps at the ends of chromosomes.

The complete set of chromosomes in a cell.

Specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

Different versions of a gene.

Having two identical alleles for a gene.

Having two different alleles for a gene.

A phase in the cell cycle where the cycle stops to ensure DNA replication is accurate. Cells that do not divide remain in this phase.

Proteins that regulate the cell cycle progression.

A specific cyclin that starts its expression at phase 61.

Enzymes that, when bound to cyclins, drive cell cycle progression.

Tumor suppressor protein that inhibits cell division.

Growth factors, signal molecules that stimulate cell division by influencing cyclin levels.

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows, replicates its DNA and prepares for division.

Phase in the cell cycle when the DNA is replicated.

Transcription factor that is activated when Rb is inactivated and stimulates DNA replication.

Phase in the cell cycle where cyclin D expression begins; other cyclin levels peak and decline.

Phase in the cell cycle concerned with organelle duplication and cell growth; cyclins required for this are called cyclins A and B.