Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is classified as a biotic factor?
Which of the following is classified as a biotic factor?
- Air
- Temperature
- Water
- Bacteria (correct)
A food web consists of a single chain of food transfers between organisms.
A food web consists of a single chain of food transfers between organisms.
False (B)
What type of variable is manipulated by the scientist in an experiment?
What type of variable is manipulated by the scientist in an experiment?
independent variable
In a food chain, the first trophic level consists of __________.
In a food chain, the first trophic level consists of __________.
Which type of graph shows how one continuous variable affects another continuous variable?
Which type of graph shows how one continuous variable affects another continuous variable?
Match the following community interactions with their definitions:
Match the following community interactions with their definitions:
Ionic compounds, such as sodium chloride, are ineffective as electrolytes in energy drinks.
Ionic compounds, such as sodium chloride, are ineffective as electrolytes in energy drinks.
What is an example of a nonpolar covalent substance?
What is an example of a nonpolar covalent substance?
Which biologically important element is found in all four biomolecules?
Which biologically important element is found in all four biomolecules?
Lipids are composed primarily of carbon and oxygen with a set ratio of elements.
Lipids are composed primarily of carbon and oxygen with a set ratio of elements.
What is the process called when water is lost to form a bond?
What is the process called when water is lost to form a bond?
The functional group that consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms is called the ______ group.
The functional group that consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms is called the ______ group.
Match the following functional groups with their characteristics:
Match the following functional groups with their characteristics:
Which type of sugar is known as a simple sugar?
Which type of sugar is known as a simple sugar?
Saturated fats contain one or more double bonds in their fatty acid chains.
Saturated fats contain one or more double bonds in their fatty acid chains.
What type of bond does a carbon atom form with four valence electrons?
What type of bond does a carbon atom form with four valence electrons?
The main source of energy in all living organisms is provided by ______.
The main source of energy in all living organisms is provided by ______.
Which biomolecule is primarily involved in energy storage for the long term?
Which biomolecule is primarily involved in energy storage for the long term?
What effect does a rise in temperature typically have on enzyme activity?
What effect does a rise in temperature typically have on enzyme activity?
Only plants can perform cellular respiration.
Only plants can perform cellular respiration.
What do the products of photosynthesis provide for cellular respiration?
What do the products of photosynthesis provide for cellular respiration?
An enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide is called _____ .
An enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide is called _____ .
Which of the following factors does NOT affect enzyme activity?
Which of the following factors does NOT affect enzyme activity?
Match the following processes with their descriptions:
Match the following processes with their descriptions:
Photosynthesis results in a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in water.
Photosynthesis results in a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration in water.
What are the main products of cellular respiration?
What are the main products of cellular respiration?
What percentage of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem?
What percentage of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next in an ecosystem?
All carbon atoms have the same atomic number.
All carbon atoms have the same atomic number.
Define a biogeochemical cycle.
Define a biogeochemical cycle.
The molecule that is formed when two or more atoms are joined together by covalent bonds is called a __________.
The molecule that is formed when two or more atoms are joined together by covalent bonds is called a __________.
Match the type of bond with its description:
Match the type of bond with its description:
Which of the following best describes the carbon cycle?
Which of the following best describes the carbon cycle?
Non-polar covalent bonds occur between atoms with very different electronegativities.
Non-polar covalent bonds occur between atoms with very different electronegativities.
What is the significance of high specific heat in water?
What is the significance of high specific heat in water?
The process by which a liquid flows in narrow spaces without external forces is known as __________.
The process by which a liquid flows in narrow spaces without external forces is known as __________.
What does a buffer do in biological systems?
What does a buffer do in biological systems?
Ice is less dense than liquid water, allowing it to float.
Ice is less dense than liquid water, allowing it to float.
Explain what hydrophobic and hydrophilic mean.
Explain what hydrophobic and hydrophilic mean.
The atomic mass is given as a whole number and approximately equals the __________.
The atomic mass is given as a whole number and approximately equals the __________.
Match the bond type with its characteristic:
Match the bond type with its characteristic:
What is the net energy profit of ATP produced during glycolysis?
What is the net energy profit of ATP produced during glycolysis?
What structure is responsible for protein synthesis in cells?
What structure is responsible for protein synthesis in cells?
The Krebs Cycle occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.
The Krebs Cycle occurs in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.
Mitochondria are involved in photosynthesis.
Mitochondria are involved in photosynthesis.
What is the primary function of NAD+ in cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of NAD+ in cellular respiration?
What organelle is referred to as the 'post-office' of the cell?
What organelle is referred to as the 'post-office' of the cell?
___ are used for digestion of ingested food or recycling damaged organelles.
___ are used for digestion of ingested food or recycling damaged organelles.
During the Electron Transport Chain, $O_2$ helps to form ______ at the end of the chain.
During the Electron Transport Chain, $O_2$ helps to form ______ at the end of the chain.
Match the cellular respiration steps with their descriptions:
Match the cellular respiration steps with their descriptions:
Match the following organelles with their primary function:
Match the following organelles with their primary function:
Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein synthesis?
Which type of endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for protein synthesis?
What happens to one of the carbons from pyruvate during the formation of Acetyl CoA?
What happens to one of the carbons from pyruvate during the formation of Acetyl CoA?
Peroxisomes are involved in lipid synthesis and do not originate from the endomembrane system.
Peroxisomes are involved in lipid synthesis and do not originate from the endomembrane system.
Glycolysis is an aerobic process requiring oxygen to occur.
Glycolysis is an aerobic process requiring oxygen to occur.
What is the main byproduct of cellular respiration?
What is the main byproduct of cellular respiration?
What is an example of mutualism?
What is an example of mutualism?
What is the primary function of vesicles in a cell?
What is the primary function of vesicles in a cell?
Ice is denser than liquid water.
Ice is denser than liquid water.
What is the primary function of osmosis in cells?
What is the primary function of osmosis in cells?
The ______ enzyme plays a key role in the Electron Transport Chain.
The ______ enzyme plays a key role in the Electron Transport Chain.
Cells that make a lot of proteins have a lot of _____.
Cells that make a lot of proteins have a lot of _____.
What is the primary composition of microtubules?
What is the primary composition of microtubules?
In a hypertonic solution, cells will swell due to water entering from the outside.
In a hypertonic solution, cells will swell due to water entering from the outside.
What do we call the phenomenon where water rises in narrow tubes?
What do we call the phenomenon where water rises in narrow tubes?
What percentage of energy is typically transferred from one trophic level to the next?
What percentage of energy is typically transferred from one trophic level to the next?
What term describes the energy required to initiate a reaction?
What term describes the energy required to initiate a reaction?
The interaction between cows and grass is an example of _______.
The interaction between cows and grass is an example of _______.
The cytosol is the same as the cytoplasm.
The cytosol is the same as the cytoplasm.
Combustion and cellular respiration both release O2 into the atmosphere.
Combustion and cellular respiration both release O2 into the atmosphere.
Match the following interactions with their descriptions:
Match the following interactions with their descriptions:
Which structure in plant cells is primarily involved in photosynthesis?
Which structure in plant cells is primarily involved in photosynthesis?
What controls help to ensure proper experimental technique in lab activities?
What controls help to ensure proper experimental technique in lab activities?
Facilitated diffusion allows particles to move across a membrane without the use of __________.
Facilitated diffusion allows particles to move across a membrane without the use of __________.
Match the following types of transport with their characteristics:
Match the following types of transport with their characteristics:
Which property of water allows organisms to stay warm during winter?
Which property of water allows organisms to stay warm during winter?
Without ______, cellular respiration cannot occur.
Without ______, cellular respiration cannot occur.
The cytoskeleton is composed of three main types of fibers: microtubules, _____. and microfilaments.
The cytoskeleton is composed of three main types of fibers: microtubules, _____. and microfilaments.
Which environment causes a cell to neither swell nor shrink?
Which environment causes a cell to neither swell nor shrink?
Sweating is a method of evaporative heating.
Sweating is a method of evaporative heating.
Match the concepts with their explanations:
Match the concepts with their explanations:
Match the following cell structures with their descriptions:
Match the following cell structures with their descriptions:
What types of compounds produce electrolytes?
What types of compounds produce electrolytes?
Enzymes can be denatured by changes in pH.
Enzymes can be denatured by changes in pH.
Name one example of an exergonic reaction.
Name one example of an exergonic reaction.
The property of water that allows it to act as a universal solvent is due to its _______ nature.
The property of water that allows it to act as a universal solvent is due to its _______ nature.
When a balloon is brought near a stream of water, what causes the water to bend towards the balloon?
When a balloon is brought near a stream of water, what causes the water to bend towards the balloon?
__________ are organic molecules that assist enzymes in their function.
__________ are organic molecules that assist enzymes in their function.
Ticks are harmful to dogs because they kill them.
Ticks are harmful to dogs because they kill them.
Match the energy laws with their descriptions:
Match the energy laws with their descriptions:
What happens in competitive inhibition?
What happens in competitive inhibition?
What is the process called when water molecules exit the body and cause cooling?
What is the process called when water molecules exit the body and cause cooling?
Water has a _______ specific heat capacity compared to metals.
Water has a _______ specific heat capacity compared to metals.
In feedback inhibition, the end product of a metabolic pathway stimulates the pathway's activity.
In feedback inhibition, the end product of a metabolic pathway stimulates the pathway's activity.
Define 'induced fit' in enzyme activity.
Define 'induced fit' in enzyme activity.
Match the following properties of water with their effects:
Match the following properties of water with their effects:
The movement of molecules against the concentration gradient is called __________ transport.
The movement of molecules against the concentration gradient is called __________ transport.
What is the primary function of phospholipids in cellular structures?
What is the primary function of phospholipids in cellular structures?
Steroids are only associated with heart disease.
Steroids are only associated with heart disease.
What are the building blocks of proteins?
What are the building blocks of proteins?
The molecule that stores energy in cells is _____.
The molecule that stores energy in cells is _____.
Match the following parts of the eukaryotic cell with their functions:
Match the following parts of the eukaryotic cell with their functions:
Which of the following describes a key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following describes a key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Cell size increases without limit due to the rate of diffusion.
Cell size increases without limit due to the rate of diffusion.
In DNA, adenine pairs with _____ and cytosine pairs with _____ in base pairing.
In DNA, adenine pairs with _____ and cytosine pairs with _____ in base pairing.
What structural feature distinguishes RNA from DNA?
What structural feature distinguishes RNA from DNA?
Which of the following cell structures is responsible for energy production?
Which of the following cell structures is responsible for energy production?
Match each type of microscope with its characteristic:
Match each type of microscope with its characteristic:
Proteins can lose their shape only due to temperature changes.
Proteins can lose their shape only due to temperature changes.
In eukaryotic cells, _____ are responsible for synthesizing proteins.
In eukaryotic cells, _____ are responsible for synthesizing proteins.
What do nucleotides consist of?
What do nucleotides consist of?
Cholesterol is only beneficial and has no adverse effects.
Cholesterol is only beneficial and has no adverse effects.
What is the pH scale a measure of?
What is the pH scale a measure of?
Electrolytes can prevent muscle cramping during physical activity.
Electrolytes can prevent muscle cramping during physical activity.
Name one example of a naturally occurring buffer.
Name one example of a naturally occurring buffer.
When monomers are joined by a bond, the reaction is called ________.
When monomers are joined by a bond, the reaction is called ________.
Match the following types of cells with their unique structures:
Match the following types of cells with their unique structures:
Which of the following is NOT a role of electrolytes?
Which of the following is NOT a role of electrolytes?
Acids decrease the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
Acids decrease the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
What is the total magnification if the ocular lens is 10x and the objective lens is 40x?
What is the total magnification if the ocular lens is 10x and the objective lens is 40x?
Cells can adapt to overcome the SA/V problem by __________ and forming microvilli.
Cells can adapt to overcome the SA/V problem by __________ and forming microvilli.
Match the organic molecules with their chemical structures:
Match the organic molecules with their chemical structures:
What type of reaction occurs when bonds break in a polymer to produce monomers?
What type of reaction occurs when bonds break in a polymer to produce monomers?
Plant cells contain chloroplasts, which are not found in animal cells.
Plant cells contain chloroplasts, which are not found in animal cells.
What role does catalase play in the enzyme lab?
What role does catalase play in the enzyme lab?
The structure that connects plant cells is called __________.
The structure that connects plant cells is called __________.
Which of the following best describes a buffer?
Which of the following best describes a buffer?
Flashcards
Bar Graph
Bar Graph
A graph that visually represents the average difference of a variable between distinct groups or categories.
Pie Chart
Pie Chart
A circular graph that displays how a whole is divided into proportional parts.
Stacked Bar Graph
Stacked Bar Graph
A graph that shows the composition of multiple groups of similar data by stacking bars representing different components.
Line Graph
Line Graph
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Scatter Plot
Scatter Plot
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Dependent Variable
Dependent Variable
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Independent Variable
Independent Variable
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Commensalism
Commensalism
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Rule of 10
Rule of 10
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Pyramid of Energy
Pyramid of Energy
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Pyramid of Numbers
Pyramid of Numbers
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Pyramid of Biomass
Pyramid of Biomass
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Biogeochemical Cycle
Biogeochemical Cycle
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Carbon Cycle
Carbon Cycle
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Climate Change
Climate Change
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Atom
Atom
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Molecule
Molecule
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Ionic Bond
Ionic Bond
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Covalent Bond
Covalent Bond
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Polar Covalent Bond
Polar Covalent Bond
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Non-Polar Covalent Bond
Non-Polar Covalent Bond
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Hydrogen Bond
Hydrogen Bond
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Water's Properties
Water's Properties
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pH Scale
pH Scale
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What are the four most abundant biologically important elements?
What are the four most abundant biologically important elements?
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Why is carbon so important in biomolecules?
Why is carbon so important in biomolecules?
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What makes hydrogen unique in terms of bonding?
What makes hydrogen unique in terms of bonding?
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What is a hydroxyl group?
What is a hydroxyl group?
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What is the carbonyl group?
What is the carbonyl group?
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What is a carboxyl group?
What is a carboxyl group?
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What is an amino group?
What is an amino group?
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What is a phosphate group?
What is a phosphate group?
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What is dehydration synthesis?
What is dehydration synthesis?
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What is hydrolysis?
What is hydrolysis?
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What makes phospholipids special?
What makes phospholipids special?
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What's the main function of steroids?
What's the main function of steroids?
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What are proteins made of?
What are proteins made of?
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What are enzymes?
What are enzymes?
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How do amino acids differ?
How do amino acids differ?
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What is primary protein structure?
What is primary protein structure?
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What is secondary protein structure?
What is secondary protein structure?
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What is tertiary protein structure?
What is tertiary protein structure?
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What is quaternary protein structure?
What is quaternary protein structure?
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What does 'structure=function' mean for proteins?
What does 'structure=function' mean for proteins?
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What are nucleic acids made of?
What are nucleic acids made of?
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What are the main types of nucleic acids?
What are the main types of nucleic acids?
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What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
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What is ATP and why is it important?
What is ATP and why is it important?
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What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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Osmosis
Osmosis
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Isotonic Solution
Isotonic Solution
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Hypotonic Solution
Hypotonic Solution
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Hypertonic Solution
Hypertonic Solution
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Active Transport
Active Transport
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Facilitated Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
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First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
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ATP Cycle (Coupled Reaction)
ATP Cycle (Coupled Reaction)
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Exergonic Reactions
Exergonic Reactions
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Endergonic Reactions
Endergonic Reactions
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Enzymes
Enzymes
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Denaturation
Denaturation
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Induced Fit
Induced Fit
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Mutualism
Mutualism
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Predation
Predation
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Herbivory
Herbivory
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Parasitism
Parasitism
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Cohesion
Cohesion
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Adhesion
Adhesion
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Surface Tension
Surface Tension
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Capillary Action
Capillary Action
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Specific Heat
Specific Heat
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Evaporative Cooling
Evaporative Cooling
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Electrolyte
Electrolyte
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Strong Acid/Base
Strong Acid/Base
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Weak Electrolyte
Weak Electrolyte
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What is the site of protein synthesis?
What is the site of protein synthesis?
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What is the function of the nucleolus?
What is the function of the nucleolus?
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Where are ribosomes found in the cell?
Where are ribosomes found in the cell?
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What is the difference between free and bound ribosomes?
What is the difference between free and bound ribosomes?
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What is the endomembrane system?
What is the endomembrane system?
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What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?
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How does mitochondria contribute to cellular energy?
How does mitochondria contribute to cellular energy?
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Why does the mitochondria have a double membrane?
Why does the mitochondria have a double membrane?
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What is the function of lysosomes?
What is the function of lysosomes?
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What is the function of a vacuole?
What is the function of a vacuole?
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What are the three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?
What are the three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?
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What are the functions of microtubules?
What are the functions of microtubules?
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What is the function of the cell wall?
What is the function of the cell wall?
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Electrolyte Imbalance
Electrolyte Imbalance
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Base
Base
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Buffer
Buffer
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Dehydration Synthesis
Dehydration Synthesis
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
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Cell Wall
Cell Wall
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Chloroplast
Chloroplast
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Central Vacuole
Central Vacuole
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Lysosomes
Lysosomes
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Centrosomes
Centrosomes
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Field of View (FOV)
Field of View (FOV)
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Surface Area to Volume Ratio (SA/V)
Surface Area to Volume Ratio (SA/V)
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Microvilli
Microvilli
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Enzyme Activity Factors
Enzyme Activity Factors
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Catalase Activity & Oxygen Release
Catalase Activity & Oxygen Release
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pH and CO2 Relationship
pH and CO2 Relationship
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Photosynthesis & Respiration Connection
Photosynthesis & Respiration Connection
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Organisms & Metabolic Processes
Organisms & Metabolic Processes
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Cell Transport & Metabolism Relation
Cell Transport & Metabolism Relation
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What is Cellular Respiration?
What is Cellular Respiration?
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What is the main product of Cellular Respiration?
What is the main product of Cellular Respiration?
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Where does Glycolysis take place?
Where does Glycolysis take place?
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What is the net gain of ATP in Glycolysis?
What is the net gain of ATP in Glycolysis?
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What is the role of NADH in Cellular Respiration?
What is the role of NADH in Cellular Respiration?
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Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
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What is the main function of the Electron Transport Chain?
What is the main function of the Electron Transport Chain?
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What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain?
What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain?
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What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
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What is Photosynthesis?
What is Photosynthesis?
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What is the overall equation for Photosynthesis?
What is the overall equation for Photosynthesis?
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Why is Photosynthesis important?
Why is Photosynthesis important?
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What is the role of chlorophyll in Photosynthesis?
What is the role of chlorophyll in Photosynthesis?
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What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
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What are the main products of photosynthesis?
What are the main products of photosynthesis?
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Study Notes
The Science of Biology (Chapter 1)
-
Graphing Types:
- Bar graphs show differences in averages between groups.
- Pie graphs show proportions of a whole.
- Stacked bar graphs show proportions within multiple groups.
- Line graphs show changes over time.
- Scatter plots show how one variable affects another (independent variable is not time).
- Histograms display data distribution, mean, and variability.
-
Variables:
- Dependent variable: Measured to judge experimental outcome.
- Independent variable: Manipulated by the scientist.
- Control variables: Kept constant across experimental groups.
Ecology (Chapters 34 & 37)
-
Ecological Factors:
- Abiotic: Non-living factors (air, water, temperature).
- Biotic: Living factors (organisms).
-
Levels of Organization:
- Organism, population, ecosystem, biosphere
-
Community Interactions:
- Mutualism: Both organisms benefit.
- Commensalism: One organism benefits, other is unaffected.
- Parasitism: One organism benefits, other is harmed.
- Competition: Organisms compete for resources.
- Predation: One organism hunts and consumes another.
-
Trophic Levels:
- Producers → Primary consumers → Secondary consumers → Tertiary consumers → Quaternary consumers
-
Food Chains & Food Webs:
- Food chain: Sequence of energy transfer from producer to consumer.
- Food web: Interconnected food chains.
-
Rule of 10: Only 10% of energy is transferred to the next trophic level. The rest is lost as heat.
-
Biogeochemical Cycles (Carbon):
- Biogeochemical cycles involve biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem.
- The carbon cycle is crucial.
Climate Change
- Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide contributes to global temperature increases.
The Chemistry of Life (Chapters 2 & 3)
-
Atomic Structure: Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Atomic mass: Total mass of an atom.
- Atomic number: Number of protons.
-
Periodic Table: Information is provided on the midterm.
-
Atoms, Molecules, Formulas, Isomers:
- Atom: Smallest unit of an element.
- Molecule: Two or more atoms bonded.
- Formulas: Represent molecules.
- Isomers: Same formula, different structure.
-
Elements and Compounds:
- Element: Cannot be broken down.
- Compound: Two or more elements combined.
-
Chemical Bonds:
- Ionic bonds: Transfer of electrons (metal and nonmetal).
- Covalent bonds: Sharing of electrons.
- Polar covalent: Unequal sharing (different electronegativities).
- Nonpolar covalent: Equal sharing (similar electronegativities).
- Hydrogen bonds: Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom of another molecule or region in the same molecule.
-
Water Properties:
- Cohesion: Water sticks to itself.
- Adhesion: Water sticks to other substances.
- Solvent: Water dissolves many polar and ionic compounds.
- Surface tension: Measure of how difficult it is to stretch the surface of a liquid.
- High specific heat: Water resists temperature changes.
- Ice density: Water is less dense as a solid than a liquid. This allows ice to float. (importance to life)
- Evaporative cooling: Cooling caused by evaporation (important for homeostasis).
- Capillary action: Ability of water to move in narrow spaces.
-
Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic: Nonpolar molecules don't mix with water; polar molecules do.
-
pH Scale: Measure of acidity or basicity.
- Acids: Increase H+ concentration (low pH).
- Bases: Decrease H+ concentration (high pH).
- Buffers: Resist changes in pH.
-
Biologically Important Elements (CHNOPS):
- Essential elements found in biomolecules.
- Carbon forms complex structures.
- Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur have roles in various biomolecules.
-
Functional Groups: Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and methyl groups have specific properties that determine the behavior and function of molecules.
-
Dehydration Synthesis/Hydrolysis: Building and breaking polymers.
4 Main Biomolecules
-
Carbohydrates:
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (e.g., glucose).
- Disaccharides: Short polymer chains.
- Polysaccharides: Long polymer chains (e.g., starch, cellulose).
- Function: Energy source and structure.
-
Lipids:
- Hydrophobic molecules.
- Function: Long-term energy storage, structure (phospholipids).
- Types: Fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids (cholesterol).
-
Proteins:
- Monomers: Amino acids.
- Polymers: Polypeptides → Proteins.
- Functions: Enzymes, transport, antibodies, signaling, structural proteins.
- Structure: Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.
-
Nucleic Acids:
- Monomers: Nucleotides.
- Polymers: Polynucleotides (DNA, RNA).
- Function: Information storage; genetic code (DNA → RNA → Proteins).
- Types: DNA, RNA, ATP.
Cell Structure (Chapter 4)
-
Microscopes:
- Light microscope: Views living specimens. Limited magnification.
- Electron microscope: High magnification; views non-living specimens. Transmission (2D) and scanning (3D).
-
Estimating Cell Size: Calculate field of view and cell count in the FOV for size estimates.
-
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells:
- Prokaryotic: Lack a nucleus; single-celled.
- Eukaryotic: Have a nucleus; single-celled or multicellular.
-
Plant vs. Animal Cells:
- Plant cells: Have cell walls, chloroplasts, large central vacuoles.
- Animal cells: Have lysosomes and centrosomes.
-
Cell Size Limitations: Relationship between surface area and volume affects diffusion rates. Small size is essential for efficient transport.
-
Cell Adaptations: Cell adaptations (folding, stacking) enhance surface area to volume ratio.
-
Cell Organelles (structure & function): Nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth), Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles, vesicles, cytoskeleton, centrioles, chloroplasts, cell wall, cytosol.
The Living Cell (Chapter 5)
-
Semipermeable Membranes: Selective transport of materials across cell membranes.
-
Passive Transport: Movement of materials from high to low concentration without energy.
- Diffusion: Movement of particles from high to low concentration
- Facilitated diffusion: Movement of particles through a protein channel without energy.
- Osmosis: Movement of water from high to low concentration across a membrane. (Isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic).
-
Active Transport: Movement of materials against concentration gradient requiring energy.
- Protein pumps: Use energy to move substances across the membrane.
- Endocytosis: Taking materials into the cell.
- Exocytosis: Removing materials from the cell.
Energy and Metabolism (Chapter 5)
-
Laws of Thermodynamics:
- First Law: Energy can't be created or destroyed, only transformed.
- Second Law: Energy transformations increase disorder (entropy).
-
ATP cycle: Conversion of ATP to ADP provides energy for cellular processes.
-
Endergonic/Exergonic Reactions:
- Endergonic: Reactions that require energy input.
- Exergonic: Reactions that release energy.
-
Enzymes:
- Function: Biological catalysts that speed up reactions.
- Structure: Proteins that can be denatured by changes in temperature, pH, or ion concentration.
- Induced fit: Enzyme molds to substrate for proper bonding.
- Enzyme activity control: Inhibition, cofactors, coenzymes.
- Activation energy: Energy required to start a reaction; enzymes lower this.
-
Metabolic pathways & feedback inhibition: Pathways involving many steps and regulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
Cellular Respiration (Chapter 6)
-
Overall Reaction: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
-
Glycolysis: Cytoplasmic anaerobic process that produces pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.
-
Formation of Acetyl CoA: Pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA.
-
Krebs Cycle: Breakdown of Acetyl CoA, producing CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP.
-
Electron Transport Chain: Oxidative phosphorylation produces ATP through electron transfer.
Photosynthesis (Chapter 7)
- Overall Reaction: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Test your knowledge of biology concepts with this comprehensive quiz focusing on biotic factors, food webs, and biochemical interactions. Questions cover topics such as trophic levels, community interactions, and the properties of various compounds. Prepare to challenge your understanding of essential biological principles!
