Biology Chapter 5 Quiz

A graph that visually represents the average difference of a variable between distinct groups or categories.

A circular graph that displays how a whole is divided into proportional parts.

A graph that shows the composition of multiple groups of similar data by stacking bars representing different components.

A graph that illustrates the change of a single variable over time.

A graph that displays the relationship between two continuous variables, where the independent variable is NOT time.

The variable measured in an experiment to assess the outcome.

The variable manipulated by the scientist in an experiment.

A relationship between two organisms where one benefits, and the other experiences no impact.

Only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, with the rest lost as heat.

A graphical representation showing the energy flow through different trophic levels, with the largest amount of energy at the base and decreasing amounts at higher levels.

A graphical representation showing the number of organisms at each trophic level, with the largest number at the base and decreasing numbers at higher levels.

A graphical representation showing the total weight of organisms at each trophic level, with the largest biomass at the base and decreasing biomass at higher levels.

The movement of chemical elements through the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem.

The movement of carbon atoms through the Earth's systems, including living organisms, the atmosphere, the oceans, and rocks.

A long-term shift in global and regional weather patterns, primarily due to the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

A bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms, usually between a metal and a nonmetal.

A bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

A covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally, creating a slightly positive and slightly negative end.

A covalent bond where electrons are shared equally, resulting in a neutral molecule.

A weak bond formed between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom in another molecule.

Water has unique properties due to its polar nature and hydrogen bonding, including cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, and its ability to act as a solvent.

A scale measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, with a range from 0 to 14, where 0 is the most acidic, 7 is neutral, and 14 is the most alkaline.

The four most abundant elements in living organisms, forming the foundation of all biomolecules, are Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N).

Carbon is vital because it has four valence electrons, allowing it to form four covalent bonds with other atoms. This versatility enables carbon to create long chains and complex structures, forming the backbone of the four major biomolecules.

Hydrogen has only one valence electron, allowing it to form just one single covalent bond with another atom. This simplicity makes it a crucial component in many biomolecules.

A hydroxyl group consists of a single hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom. It is a functional group commonly found in organic compounds and plays a role in alcohol formation.

A carbonyl group has a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom. It's a key functional group found in simple sugars and plays a role in their chemical properties.

A carboxyl group consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to oxygen and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. It gives compounds acidic properties.

An amino group has a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. It gives compounds basic properties.

A phosphate group consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It plays a crucial role in energy transfers and is present in nucleic acids.

Dehydration synthesis is the process where a water molecule is removed to form a new chemical bond between molecules.

Hydrolysis is the process where a water molecule is added to break down a chemical bond between molecules.

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic phosphate 'head' and two hydrophobic fatty acid 'tails', allowing them to form bilayers in watery solutions.

Steroids play a crucial role in cell transport, chemical signaling (including hormones), and membrane structure.

Proteins are polymers made up of monomers called amino acids.

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions in the body.

Amino acids can be classified as nonpolar, polar, positively charged (acidic), or negatively charged (basic).

It's the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

It's the local folding of the polypeptide chain into either alpha helices or beta-pleated sheets.

It's the overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain, resulting from interactions between amino acids.

It's the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) in a protein complex.

A protein's structure is directly linked to its function. Changes in structure, like from pH or temperature, can disrupt its ability to work properly.

Nucleic acids are polymers made of monomers called nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

The two main types are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

DNA is double-stranded, has thymine as a base, and is mostly found in the nucleus. RNA is single-stranded, has uracil instead of thymine, and is found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy currency of cells. It stores energy in its phosphate bonds, which can be broken to release energy for various cellular processes.

Prokaryotic cells are simpler, lack a nucleus, and are typically single-celled organisms. Eukaryotic cells are more complex, have a nucleus, and are typically found in multicellular organisms.

The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration, aiming to equalize the concentration of solutes on both sides.

A solution where the concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside the cell, resulting in no net movement of water and the cell maintaining its size.

A solution where the concentration of solutes is lower outside the cell than inside, causing water to move into the cell and resulting in the cell swelling.

A solution where the concentration of solutes is higher outside the cell than inside, causing water to move out of the cell and resulting in the cell shrinking.

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP) and the involvement of protein pumps.

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane from high concentration to low concentration, aided by protein channels, without the use of energy.

Energy can be transferred or transformed but neither created nor destroyed.

Every energy conversion reduces the order of the universe, increasing its entropy.

The process where ATP is broken down releasing energy (exergonic) and that energy is used to power endergonic reactions like building complex molecules.

Reactions that release energy because the products have less stored energy than the reactants.

Reactions that require energy because the products have more stored energy than the reactants.

Biological catalysts, typically proteins, that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy without being consumed in the process.

The loss of an enzyme's shape and function due to factors like extreme temperature, pH changes, or ion concentration.

The change in shape of an enzyme's active site to fit the substrate more precisely, enhancing binding and reaction speed.

A relationship between two species where both benefit from the interaction.

A relationship where one species (the predator) hunts and kills another species (the prey) for food.

A relationship where an animal eats plants for food.

A relationship where one organism (the parasite) lives in or on another organism (the host) and benefits, while the host is harmed.

The attraction between molecules of the same substance.

The attraction between molecules of different substances.

The property of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force due to cohesive forces between its molecules.

The movement of a liquid up a narrow tube due to adhesion and cohesion.

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

The process of cooling a surface as a liquid evaporates.

A substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water.

A substance that completely ionizes in water, producing a large concentration of H+ or OH- ions.

A substance that only partially ionizes in water, producing a low concentration of ions.

Ribosomes are the cellular components responsible for protein synthesis. They use instructions from the nucleus, written in mRNA, to assemble amino acids into proteins.

The nucleolus is a prominent structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized based on DNA instructions. Ribosomal proteins are brought in from the cytoplasm, and they assemble with rRNA to form the subunits of ribosomes.

Ribosomes can be found in two locations within the cell: floating freely in the cytoplasm and bound to the exterior of the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Free ribosomes in the cytoplasm produce proteins that will be used within the cell itself. Bound ribosomes, attached to the ER, produce proteins that are destined for transport outside the cell.

The endomembrane system is a network of membranes within and surrounding a eukaryotic cell. These membranes are connected either directly or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is an organelle covered in ribosomes. Its primary function is the synthesis and transport of proteins.

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) plays multiple roles, including lipid synthesis, detoxification in liver cells, and calcium ion storage in muscle cells.

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging products from the endoplasmic reticulum. It also forms lysosomes and transport vesicles.

Mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration, a process that transforms the chemical energy of food into a form usable for cellular work (ATP). This process uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

Mitochondria have a double membrane because one membrane is their own, and an outer membrane was acquired after being 'inducted' into the cell. This supports the theory that mitochondria might have been originally trapped prokaryotes.

Lysosomes are organelles responsible for the digestion of ingested food or bacteria, as well as the recycling of damaged organelles and macromolecules within the cell.

Vacuoles are large vesicles with various functions. In animals, they can help sequester waste products. In plants, they help maintain water balance.

The cytoskeleton is composed of three major types of fibers: microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.

Microtubules, composed of tubulin proteins, provide shape and support to the cell. They also act as tracks for organelle movement and play a role in chromosome movement during cell division. They are the main components of cilia and flagella.

The cell wall, found in plants, provides structural support and protection to the cell. It also binds cells together in tissues.

A condition where the balance of electrolytes in the body is disrupted, often due to excessive sweating or dehydration.

A substance that decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.

A substance that helps to minimize changes in pH by either accepting or donating hydrogen ions.

A chemical reaction where monomers are joined together to form a polymer by removing a water molecule.

A chemical reaction where water is added to break a polymer down into its individual monomers.

A rigid structure that surrounds plant cells, providing support and protection.

An organelle found in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis.

A large, fluid-filled sac in plant cells that plays a role in storage, support, and waste removal.

Organelles found in animal cells that contain enzymes for breaking down cellular waste.

Organelles found in animal cells that play a role in cell division.

The area visible through the microscope lens.

The relationship between the surface area of a cell and its volume.

Tiny, finger-like projections on the surface of some cells that increase surface area for efficient absorption.

Factors that influence the rate at which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction. These include temperature, pH, substrate concentration, presence of cofactors, and inhibitors.

The enzyme catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). The amount of oxygen released is a measure of the enzyme's activity.

When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, it forms carbonic acid, which lowers the pH of the solution, making it more acidic.

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are linked because the products of one reaction are the reactants of the other. Photosynthesis uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to create glucose and oxygen, which are used as fuel in cellular respiration to produce energy.

Plants, some protists, and algae perform photosynthesis to convert sunlight energy into chemical energy. All organisms utilize cellular respiration to break down glucose and produce energy.

Cell transport mechanisms like active transport, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis are connected to cellular respiration and photosynthesis. For example, energy from cellular respiration provides the power for active transport. Photosynthesis products are transported through phloem and xylem vessels.

Cellular respiration is a process that occurs in living organisms to break down glucose into energy in the form of ATP. It involves a series of chemical reactions that take place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria.

The main product of cellular respiration is ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the primary energy currency of cells.

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Glycolysis has a net gain of 2 ATP molecules, which is a small amount of energy compared to the later stages of cellular respiration.

NADH is a molecule that carries electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain.

The Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.

The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner membrane of mitochondria that use the energy from electrons to pump protons across the membrane, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain, where it combines with hydrogen ions to form water.

Oxygen is essential for aerobic respiration, as it acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, which is crucial for ATP production.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose (sugar) and oxygen.

The overall equation for Photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Photosynthesis is crucial for life on Earth because it produces the glucose that organisms use as energy and the oxygen that we breathe.

Chlorophyll is a green pigment that absorbs light energy from the sun, which is then used to power the process of photosynthesis.

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces much more ATP than anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces a much smaller amount of ATP.

The main products of photosynthesis are glucose (sugar) and oxygen.