Biology Chapter 5: Population Genetics and Homeostasis
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Questions and Answers

What is required for the gene pool of a population to remain constant over time?

  • No mutation (correct)
  • Constant population size (correct)
  • Random selection
  • Limited mating

    • What role does sexual reproduction play in genetic variance?

  • It increases genetic variance through recombination. (correct)
  • It decreases genetic variance through cloning.
  • It has no impact on genetic variance in a population.
  • It introduces genetic diversity through random mating.

    • What must occur for speciation to take place?

  • Increased mutation rates
  • Reproductive isolation must develop. (correct)
  • Geographic isolation must develop.
  • Increased genetic drift

    • What distinguishes allopatric speciation from sympatric speciation?

    <p>Allopatric speciation results from physical separation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for a population to reach Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

    <p>The population is not evolving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does non-random mating affect allele frequencies in a population?

    <p>It can cause allele frequencies to change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do asexually reproducing populations have lower genetic diversity?

    <p>They produce genetically identical offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does gene flow have on a population's genetic structure?

    <p>It may alter allele frequencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is asexual reproduction particularly advantageous for a species?

    <p>When population growth is needed quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of homeostasis in animals?

    <p>To maintain a stable internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism does a mammal use to cool down when its body temperature rises above the set point?

    <p>Sweating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the surface area-to-volume ratio affect heat exchange in animals?

    <p>Larger animals conserve heat better due to a lower ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a mammal's body temperature falls below the set point?

    <p>Shivering and vasoconstriction occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these animals is an example of a true homeotherm?

    <p>Humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does smaller body size have on an animal's ability to maintain body temperature?

    <p>Smaller animals need to generate more heat to maintain temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do sensors play in the negative feedback mechanism of thermal homeostasis?

    <p>They detect changes in the internal environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of radial symmetry in animals?

    <p>It enables interaction with the environment from all directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is characteristic of triploblastic animals?

    <p>They possess a coelom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which morphological adaptation is specifically found in marine mammals for insulation?

    <p>Blubber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of body symmetry is advantageous for animals that exhibit directional movement?

    <p>Bilateral symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a eucoelomate animal?

    <p>Possession of a true coelom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cnidarians, such as jellyfish, are classified as:

    <p>Diploblastic organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which morphological trait is not used to classify animals traditionally?

    <p>Shape of the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the concentration of sensory organs and nerve tissues in the anterior part of an organism?

    <p>Cephalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that names mammals?

    <p>Mammary glands that produce milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is NOT a distinguishing feature of primates?

    <p>Sharp claws for climbing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do extraembryonic membranes play in placental mammals?

    <p>They provide nutrients and facilitate gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature allows mammals to maintain their body temperature?

    <p>Endothermy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do primate traits benefit their arboreal lifestyle?

    <p>Better grasping and visual coordination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did Homo sapiens first evolve?

    <p>About 300,000 years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one property shared by all life forms?

    <p>Cellular organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did Homo sapiens last share a common ancestor with chimpanzees?

    <p>6 to 7 million years ago</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage did plants gain by moving onto land?

    <p>Access to more sunlight and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main challenges animals faced when transitioning to land?

    <p>Desiccation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which adaptation in plants helps prevent water loss?

    <p>Cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organisms did the amniote egg first emerge?

    <p>Reptiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is unique to plant cells?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of water-conserving structure do reptiles possess?

    <p>Scales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What problem did both the amniote egg and plant seed independently evolve to solve?

    <p>Desiccation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do fungal cells differ from plant cells?

    <p>Fungal cells have cell walls made of chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of divergent evolution?

    <p>Forelimbs of mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes analogous traits?

    <p>Traits that serve similar functions but have different origins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did natural selection impact the peppered moth population in England?

    <p>Dark-colored moths became more camouflaged in polluted environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law of inheritance states that alleles segregate during gamete formation?

    <p>Law of Segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'phenotype' refer to?

    <p>The observable traits resulting from genetic expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of macroevolution?

    <p>Formation of new species and major evolutionary changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organisms are considered diploid eukaryotes according to Mendel's laws of inheritance?

    <p>Humans and pea plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by microevolution?

    <p>Small-scale changes in allele frequencies within a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary reproductive isolating mechanism in allopatric speciation?

    <p>Geographic separation of populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is most likely to reinforce reproductive isolation in sympatric speciation?

    <p>Temporal isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do hybrids with lower fitness have in the process of speciation?

    <p>They may be selected against, aiding speciation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the length of a branch in a phylogenetic tree represent?

    <p>Amount of evolutionary change or time since divergence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method for constructing a phylogenetic tree?

    <p>Application of gene editing techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do scientists determine the most likely phylogenetic tree?

    <p>Based on the principle of parsimony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an ancestral trait from a derived trait?

    <p>Derived traits are present in more recent ancestors, while ancestral traits are older.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would gene flow prevent speciation from occurring?

    <p>When hybrids display higher fitness than both parent populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which fungi digest food?

    <p>External digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of spores are produced during asexual reproduction in fungi?

    <p>Conidia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of fungi is primarily associated with the production of mushrooms?

    <p>Basidiomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do enzymes secreted by fungi play in ecosystems?

    <p>Decompose organic matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes yeasts from molds?

    <p>Yeasts are unicellular organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the mycelium important for fungi functioning as decomposers?

    <p>It absorbs large amounts of nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do mushrooms represent in the life cycle of fungi?

    <p>Sexual reproduction stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which form do plants primarily store energy produced through photosynthesis?

    <p>Starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells in terms of genetic material?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells have a single, circular chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is utilized by prokaryotes for asexual reproduction?

    <p>Binary fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of a pathogen?

    <p>An organism that causes disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts?

    <p>Chloroplasts replicate independently through binary fission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of complexity, how do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells compare?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells are simpler and smaller.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is NOT involved in genetic recombination in prokaryotes?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do more complex cells tend to be larger in size?

    <p>Complex cells require more space for organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following prokaryotes is known to be pathogenic?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance so quickly?

    <p>High mutation rates and horizontal gene transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which groups are believed to have contributed to the evolution of eukaryotes?

    <p>Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do protists not form a monophyletic group?

    <p>They originate from various evolutionary lineages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from microbial eukaryotes?

    <p>Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do algae play in aquatic ecosystems?

    <p>They produce oxygen and form the base of the food web.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a characteristic of meristematic tissues in plants?

    <p>They are specialized for photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about endosymbiosis is accurate?

    <p>It involved complex interactions between different lineages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'algae'?

    <p>Photosynthetic protists that do not fit into plant, animal, or fungal kingdoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of symmetry is directly associated with cephalization?

    <p>Bilateral symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of cephalization in animals?

    <p>It enables more efficient movement coordination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal phylum is characterized by having exoskeletons and jointed appendages?

    <p>Arthropoda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is NOT typically associated with organisms in the phylum Porifera?

    <p>Segmented bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phylum do sea stars, also known as asteroids, belong to?

    <p>Echinodermata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The closed circulatory systems of annelids and cephalopods are considered homologous because they both:

    <p>Utilize blood vessels for transporting blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits belongs to the phylum Chordata?

    <p>Dorsal hollow nerve cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one distinguishing feature of the phylum Cnidaria?

    <p>Specialized stinging cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the exoskeleton made of chitin play in arthropods?

    <p>It provides protection and structural support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinguishing feature of vertebrates compared to invertebrate chordates?

    <p>Possession of a vertebral column made of vertebrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structural modification is essential for tetrapods' transition to land?

    <p>Modification of fins into limbs with weight-bearing bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do reptiles adapt to their often drier environments compared to amphibians?

    <p>Reptiles have scaly skin and lay amniotic eggs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a shared derived trait of chordates?

    <p>Development of pharyngeal slits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do amniotes have in common that distinguishes them from other vertebrates?

    <p>They have adaptations for a fully terrestrial lifestyle, including amniotic eggs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic changes were associated with the evolution of vertebrates?

    <p>Changes in genes responsible for vertebral column formation and central nervous system development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation allows amphibians to thrive in moist environments?

    <p>The ability to lay eggs in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cumulative Final Exam Study Guide

    • Questions will cover the material in the provided content
    • Practice answering the provided questions
    • Content will be similar but worded differently

    Unit 1: Evolution & Microbial Life

    • Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
      • Common ancestry of all organisms
      • Accumulation of genetic changes through adaptations
      • Mechanisms like natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift
    • Misconceptions about evolution:
      • Evolution is not a linear progression towards "better" organisms
      • Eugenicists mistakenly believed human evolution could be directed by selective breeding
      • Traits are influenced by complex, multifactorial nature of evolution and genetic inheritance
    • Four premises of natural selection:
    • Variation: Individuals within a population vary in their traits.
    • Inheritance: Variations are passed onto offspring.
    • Competition: More offspring are produced than can survive.
    • Differential survival and reproduction: Individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
    • Evidence for evolution:
      • Fossil record
      • Anatomical homologies
      • Genetic comparisons
      • Observed instances of microevolution (change in population traits), antibiotic resistance in bacteria

    Unit 1: Evolution & Microbial Life

    • Divergent vs. Convergent Evolution:
      • Divergent: Species evolve different traits from a common ancestor
      • Convergent: Unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environmental pressures
    • Homologous vs. Analogous Traits:
      • Homologous: Traits with a common evolutionary origin
      • Analogous: Traits with similar functions but different evolutionary origins
    • Natural selection and adaptation:
      • Example: Peppered moth in England, demonstrating adaptation through natural selection.
    • Mendel's laws of inheritance:
      • Law of segregation: Each individual has two alleles for each gene and these alleles segregate during gamete formation
      • Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles of different genes assort independently of each other
    • Examples of diploid eukaryotes:
      • humans
      • pea plants

    Unit 1: Evolution & Microbial Life

    • Gene, Genome, Chromosome, Allele, Locus, Genotype, Phenotype:
      • Gene: Unit of heredity, encodes a protein
      • Genome: Complete set of genes in an organism
      • Chromosome: DNA structures that carry genes
      • Allele: Variant form of a gene
      • Locus: Specific location of a gene on a chromosome
      • Genotype: Organism's genetic makeup
      • Phenotype: Observable traits
    • Microevolution vs. Macroevolution:
      • Microevolution: Small-scale changes in allele frequencies within a population
      • Macroevolution: Large-scale evolutionary changes, like the formation of new species.
    • Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:
      • Conditions for a gene pool to remain constant: No mutation, random mating, no natural selection, large population size, no gene flow

    Unit 1: Evolution & Microbial Life

    • Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction:
      • Sexual reproduction generates genetic diversity through recombination and independent assortment of alleles
      • Asexually reproducing populations have lower genetic diversity; offspring are clones.

    Unit 1: Evolution & Microbial Life

    • Biological species concept:
      • Species: Groups of organisms that can interbreed
      • Speciation: The process by which new species arise from pre-existing ones.

    Unit 1: Evolution & Microbial Life

    • Allopatric vs. Sympatric Speciation
      • Allopatric: Speciation due to geographic isolation
      • Sympatric: Speciation in the same geographic area
    • Reproductive isolating mechanisms
      • Prezygotic: Prevent fertilization
      • Postzygotic: Prevent development of a viable, fertile offspring

    Unit 1: Evolution & Microbial Life

    • Phylogenetic trees:
      • Show evolutionary relationships between organisms
      • Branch length represents evolutionary change.

    Unit 1: Evolution & Microbial Life

    • Ancestral vs. Derived Traits:
      • Ancestral: Trait present in a common ancestor.
      • Derived: Trait that evolved after the common ancestor.

    Unit 1: Evolution & Microbial Life

    • Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells:
      • Prokaryotic: Lack membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus. Smaller
      • Eukaryotic: Have membrane-bound organelles and nucleus. Larger.
    • Reproduction in prokaryotes:
      • Asexual reproduction through binary fission
      • Genetic recombination through Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation

    Unit 1: Evolution & Microbial Life

    • Endosymbiosis:
      • Evidence: Double membrane, own DNA, replicate independently.
      • Examples: Origin of chloroplasts (plant ancestor engulfing cyanobacteria) and mitochondria (animal ancestor engulfing bacterium)

    Unit 1: Evolution & Microbial Life

    • Pathogen: Organism that causes disease
    • Bacteria resistance: Factors leading to antibiotic resistance
    • Prokaryotic groups related to eukaryotes: Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria

    Unit 2: Plants & Fungi

    • Meristematic vs. Permanent plant tissues:
      • Meristematic: Actively dividing cells for growth
      • Permanent: Specialized cells for specific functions

    Unit 2: Plants & Fungi

    • Photosynthesis:
      • Process by which plants make their own food
      • Plants capture light energy, using it to produce glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.
      • Occurs in chloroplasts
    • Photoautotrophs: Organisms that make their own food.
    • Heterotrophs: Organisms that consume other organisms for food.

    Unit 2: Plants & Fungi

    • Plant life cycles:
      • Seed formation (embryo, endosperm, seed coat)
      • Pollen formation (male gametophyte)
      • Flower structure for pollination
      • Mutualistic relationships (pollination and seed dispersal)
    • Seed dispersal: Various adaptations for plants to disperse seeds.

    Unit 2: Plants & Fungi

    • Fungi:
      • Decomposers: Digest organic matter externally
      • Mycelium: Network of hyphae
      • Spores: Reproductive cells

    Unit 2: Plants & Fungi

    • Plant tissues & organs: Organization of plant parts (leaves, stems, roots)
    • Vascular tissue: Plant tissue that transports water and nutrients (xylem and phloem)

    Unit 2: Plants & Fungi

    • Monocots vs. Eudicots: Distinguishing features: number of cotyledons, leaf venation, flower parts.

    Unit 3: Animals

    • Animal surfaces for exchange: Surfaces used for exchange are highly branched/folded for increased surface area.
    • Examples: Alveoli in lungs, Villi in small intestine.
    • Asexual reproduction: Advantages in stable environments, rapid population growth.
    • Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable internal environment (e.g., thermoregulation) using negative feedback systems (set points and feedback mechanisms).

    Unit 3: Animals

    • Heat exchange and body size: Relationship between surface area-to-volume ratio and rate of heat exchange.
    • Ectotherms vs. Endotherms: Ectotherms regulate body temperature externally. Endotherms internally.
    • Insulation: Features in animals to conserve heat (e.g. fur, feathers, blubber, fat).

    Unit 3: Animals

    • Animal body plans:
      • Symmetry (radial, bilateral)
      • Germ layers (diploblastic, triploblastic)
      • Body cavities (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, eucoelomate)
    • Cephalization: Concentration of sensory and nervous tissues in the head region

    Unit 3: Animals

    • Animal phyla: Specific traits and characteristics of diverse phyla like Porifera, Cnidaria, Mollusca, Annelida, Arthropoda.
    • Chordata: Traits specific to Chordates, like notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail

    Unit 3: Animals

    • Tetrapod evolution: Physical changes that facilitated four-limbed life on land
    • Reptiles vs. Amphibians: Features that distinguish and explain their habitat preferences
    • Amniotes: Adaptations for a terrestrial lifestyle, specifically the amniote egg

    Unit 3: Animals

    • Mammals: Key traits that characterize mammals: Mammary glands, hair, endothermy, efficient circulatory system, highly developed nervous systems

    Unit 3: Animals

    • Primate characteristics: Adaptations for arboreal (tree-dwelling) lifestyle: Grasping hands, forward-facing eyes, large brains

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    Cumulative Final Exam Study Guide PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts in population genetics, including gene pools, sexual reproduction, speciation, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Additionally, it explores the mechanisms of homeostasis in animals and the physiological responses to temperature changes. Test your understanding of these fundamental biological principles.

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