Biology Chapter 5: Photosynthesis and Respiration

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Questions and Answers

What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

The equation for photosynthesis is $6 CO_2 + 6 H_2O + \text{light energy} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6 O_2$.

Describe how guard cells regulate stomatal openings.

Guard cells control stomatal openings by swelling to open the stomata when they are turgid and shrinking to close them when they lose water.

What role do chloroplasts play in photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which captures light energy needed for photosynthesis.

What are the main by-products of anaerobic respiration in animals?

The main by-product of anaerobic respiration in animals is lactic acid, along with energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the xylem in a plant leaf?

Xylem's primary function is to transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves. Signup and view all the answers

Identify how animals obtain the reactants necessary for aerobic respiration.

Animals obtain oxygen through inhalation in the lungs and glucose from consumed food. Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of lactic acid buildup in muscles during exercise?

Lactic acid buildup causes muscle fatigue and soreness during intense exercise. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between genes and chromosomes.

Genes are segments of DNA that determine specific traits, while chromosomes are structures that carry multiple genes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

It captures light energy to drive the process. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason energy is not listed as a reactant in the equation for aerobic respiration?

Energy is a product of the process, not a reactant. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of guard cells in relation to stomata?

They open and close the stomata by changing shape. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of respiration produces lactic acid in animals?

Anaerobic respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the leaf is primarily responsible for gas exchange?

Stomata Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during fermentation in fungi, specifically yeast?

Ethanol and carbon dioxide Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation of leaves maximizes their ability to perform photosynthesis?

Large surface area for light absorption Signup and view all the answers

During the process of aerobic respiration, which molecule serves as the primary energy carrier?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis equation: 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
CO₂ from air via stomata
H₂O from soil via roots
Leaf adaptations: thin for gas exchange, large surface area, chlorophyll in chloroplasts for light capture
Leaf tissues: epidermis, mesophyll (palisade and spongy), vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
Guard cells regulate stomata opening and closing; swelling opens, shrinking closes.

Respiration

Aerobic respiration equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + energy
Animal reactant acquisition: O₂ inhaled, glucose from food.
Animal product disposal: CO₂ exhaled, water in urine/sweat.
Energy isn't a reactant, it's a product released in the process.
Anaerobic respiration (animals - lactic acid): C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2 C₃H₆O₃ + Energy
Anaerobic respiration (fungi - ethanol): C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2 C₂H₅OH + 2 CO₂ + Energy
Lactic acid buildup causes muscle fatigue and soreness during exercise.

Inheritance

DNA location: Cell nucleus
Genes and chromosomes: genes are DNA segments coding for traits; chromosomes are DNA structures carrying genes.
Competition factors for plants and animals: light, water, nutrients, and space.
Variation causes: genetics and environment; types: inherited (genetic), acquired (environmental).
Giraffe neck adaptation: Giraffes with longer necks accessed higher food, survived better, reproduced more, passing on the trait.
Vertebrate classes: Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in photosynthesis and respiration, including their chemical equations and processes. You will explore how plants and animals obtain and utilize gases, as well as the energy transformations involved in these vital biological functions. Test your knowledge on leaf adaptations and inheritance as well!