Biology Chapter 5 Flashcards

Loose combination of DNA and proteins that is present during interphase

One half of a duplicated chromosome

Region of condensed chromosome that looks pinched; where spindle fibers attach during mitosis and meiosis

<p>Repeating nucleotide at the ends of DNA molecules that don't form genes and prevent the loss of genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>First phase of mitosis when chromatin condenses, nuclear envelope breaks down, nucleolus disappears, centrosomes and centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Second phase of mitosis when spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the cell equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Third phase of mitosis during which chromatids separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Last phase of mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pattern of growth and cell division that occurs in a eukaryotic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Process by which a nucleus divides its nucleus and its contents</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Process by which the cell cytoplasm divides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long, continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes and regulatory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein that organizes chromosomes and around which DNA wraps</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells increase in size and organelles in number</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell makes a copy of its nuclear DNA. In the end, the cell contains 2 complete sets of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells continue to carry out their normal functions, and additional growth occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Critical checkpoint during Synthesis and Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitosis and cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The length of the G1 stage differs the most between cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The stage in which cells are unlikely to divide</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surface area increases faster as the cell grows</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth and division</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One long continuous thread of DNA consisting of genes and information</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>So the cells can carry out all their necessary processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make sure cells get the correct amount of copies and everything in proper numbering</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a critical time for organelle duplication and DNA reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitosis occurs in all of the body cells except eggs and sperm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Divide cytoplasm between 2 daughter cells, each with genetically identical nucleus. The cells enter interphase and begin again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA and proteins condense into tightly coiled chromosomes. The nuclear envelope breaks down, the nucleolus disappears, and the centrosomes and centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spindle fibers attach to each chromosome. They align the chromosome along the cell equator</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromatids separate to opposite sides of the cell. Cytokinesis usually begins in late anaphase or early telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear membranes start to form, chromosomes begin to uncoil and the spindle fibers fall apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In animal cells the membrane pinches inwards, but the plant cells cannot</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Centromere</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Telomeres</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Often triggered by external factors, include kinases and cyclins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Include cell to cell contact and other physical signals; also include chemical signals such as growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Substances that produce or promote the development of cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tobacco smoke, air pollutants, radiation, mutated genes carried by viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Characterized by uncontrolled cell division; continue to grow despite cell to cell contact or lack of growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disorganized clumps of cancer cells that do not carry out specialized functions needed by the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Programmed cell death that plays a role in normal development and ridding the body of unhealthy cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malignant and benign</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells break away and form new tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells remain clustered together</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells between fingers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cancer may result</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inherited, exposed to radiation, exposed to chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When some of the cancer cells break away</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carcinogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA double helix, chromatin, supercoiled</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells have upper and lower size limits; if too small, they couldn't contain all the necessary organelles; surface area too small could result in insufficient materials transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells have distinct phases of growth, reproduction, and normal functions. The cell cycle has four main stages: G1, S, G2, and M. The length of the cell cycle can vary, resulting in different rates of cell division. This variability is based on the body's need for different cell types. Cells also divide because they need a sufficient surface area-to-volume ratio to move materials into and out of the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells divide during mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis divides the nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei in a four-phase process: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. In prophase, the duplicated chromosomes condense tightly. Cytokinesis actually divides the cell cytoplasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell cycle regulation is necessary for healthy growth. Cell growth and division are regulated by both external factors, such as hormones and growth factors, and internal factors, such as cyclins and kinases. When proper regulation of cell growth is disrupted, a cell may become cancerous. Cancer cells grow more rapidly than do normal cells and form clumps called tumors that may metastasize to other regions of the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Many organisms reproduce by cell division. Most prokaryotes reproduce through a process called binary fission, in which a cell divides into two approximately equal parts. Some eukaryotes reproduce through mitosis. The offspring that result from asexual reproduction are genetically identical to the parent organism, except when mutations occur. Whether being identical is an advantage or a disadvantage depends on the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells work together to carry out complex functions. Within multicellular organisms, cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form organ systems. The cells differentiate to perform specific functions. Much of this specialization is determined by a cell's location within the developing embryo. Stem cells are a special type of cell that continues to divide and renew themselves for long periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers