Biology Chapter 4: Tissues and Cellular Organization

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Questions and Answers

Which type of muscle is responsible for moving the body voluntarily?

Involuntary muscle

Skeletal muscle (correct)

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

Where are smooth muscles commonly found?

Blood vessel walls (correct)

Attached to bones

Wall of the heart

In the brain

Which cell component of neurons produces a response?

Nucleus

Dendrites

Cell body

Axon (correct)

What is the primary function of cardiac muscle?

Pump blood Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue binds and supports body parts?

Connective Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a neuron receives sensory signals?

Dendrites Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of white collagen fibers?

Gives flexibility & strength Signup and view all the answers

What is true about the ground substance in connective tissue?

It is non-cell material Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein fibers are very thin and provide a delicate supporting network?

Reticular fibers Signup and view all the answers

In which forms can the ground substance be found?

Solid, semifluid, and fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is categorized as fibrous?

Loose or dense Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of blood within the fluid connective tissue?

Transports nutrients and oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Where is hyaline cartilage typically found?

Nose, fetal skeleton, end of long bones Signup and view all the answers

Which type of blood cell is responsible for transporting oxygen?

Red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following epithelial classes lines the kidneys?

Simple cuboidal Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

Carry lymph to the heart Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pseudostratified, columnar epithelium in the trachea?

Brings impurities toward throat Signup and view all the answers

Which cell shape is not classified under simple epithelium?

Transitional Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelium lines the lungs?

Simple squamous Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium absorbs nutrients in the small intestines?

Simple columnar Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the skin is NOT part of the integumentary system?

Hypodermis Signup and view all the answers

What internal body fluid is NOT mentioned as part of homeostasis?

Cerebrospinal fluid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the integumentary system?

Produced red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?

Lining the esophagus Signup and view all the answers

What reinforces stratified squamous epithelium?

Keratin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?

Childbirth Signup and view all the answers

Where do carcinomas typically start?

Epithelial tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer starts in the blood?

Leukemia Signup and view all the answers

Where do lymphomas typically originate?

Lymphoid tissue Signup and view all the answers

Sarcoma is a type of cancer that begins in which type of tissue?

Muscular or connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which protein provides flexibility and strength to connective tissues?

collagen Signup and view all the answers

Marfan syndrome affects which type of fibers?

elastic fibers Signup and view all the answers

What are the two forms of fibrous connective tissue?

loose fibrous and dense fibrous Signup and view all the answers

A tissue with cells within lacunae and a glassy matrix could be classified as what type?

cartilage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue contains fibroblasts within a fluid matrix?

loose fibrous Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage composes intervertebral disks?

fibrocartilage Signup and view all the answers

How can bone be distinguished from cartilage?

the flexibility of the matrix Signup and view all the answers

Where are osteocytes found within bone tissue?

within the lacunae between the rings of matrix Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells are responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood?

red blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What category of tissue is blood classified as?

connective Signup and view all the answers

What shape are the cells in simple squamous epithelium?

Flattened Signup and view all the answers

Which cells have the highest likelihood of becoming cancerous?

Epithelial cells Signup and view all the answers

What are sarcomas?

Bone cancers and other cancers of connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is characterized by a translucent matrix?

Hyaline Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of connective tissue?

Cells, ground substance, and protein fibers Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are known for their role in forming a permeable barrier?

Squamous epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Specialized cells that work together to perform a common function are called

tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities?

epithelial tissue Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue lines the air sacs and permits the exchange of gases?

squamous epithelium Signup and view all the answers

The driver looked up and saw a car. This information was relayed to them via what type of tissue?

nervous Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type provides structural support and connects other tissues?

connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Molecules to Organ Systems

Molecules combine to form cells, which group together to form tissues, and then organs, and finally organ systems.

Tissue Types

There are four main types of tissues: connective, muscular, nervous, and epithelial.

Connective Tissue

Connective tissue binds and supports body parts.
Composed of specialized cells, ground substance, and protein fibers.
Ground substance:
- Non-cell material that separates cells.
- Can be solid (bone), semifluid (cartilage), or fluid (blood).
Protein fibers:
- White collagen fibers: provide flexibility and strength.
- Reticular fibers: thin, delicate, and supportive.
- Yellow elastic fibers: provide elasticity.

Types of Connective Tissue

Fibrous:
- Loose or dense.
- Contains fibroblasts cells and white collagen and yellow elastic fibers.
Supportive:
- Cartilage:
  - Hyaline (nose, fetal skeleton, end of long bones).
  - Elastic (outer ear).
  - Fibrocartilage (tension and pressure points).
- Bone:
  - Compact (osteons).
  - Spongy (surrounds bone marrow).
Fluid:
- Blood:
  - Transports nutrients and oxygen.
  - Red blood cells: transport oxygen, made red by hemoglobin pigment.
  - White blood cells: fight infection, produce antibodies, attack foreign cells.
  - Platelets: repair damaged blood vessels.
- Lymph:
  - Lymphatic vessels carry lymph to the heart.

Muscular Tissue

Muscular tissue moves the body and contains muscle fibers.
Types of muscular tissue:
- Skeletal:
  - Attached to bones by tendons.
  - Voluntary.
  - Striped.
- Smooth:
  - Involuntary.
  - No stripes.
  - Found in blood vessel walls.
- Cardiac:
  - Involuntary.
  - Branching, striped cells in the heart wall.
  - Pumps blood.

Nervous Tissue

Nervous tissue has three main functions: sensory input, information integration, and motor output.
Composed of two main types of cells:
- Neurons:
  - Specialized cells with dendrites, cell body, and axon.
  - Receive and transmit signals.

Epithelial Tissue

Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines body cavities.
Composed of a continuous layer of tightly packed cells.
Contains basement membrane that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying tissue.
Functions: secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration.

Types of Epithelial Tissue

Simple:
- Single layer of cells.
- Classified by cell shape:
  - Squamous (lines lungs and blood vessels).
  - Cuboidal (lines kidneys, absorbs molecules).
  - Columnar (lines small intestines and uterine tubes, absorbs nutrients).
Pseudostratified, columnar:
- Lines trachea.
- Brings impurities toward the throat.

Integumentary System

The integumentary system is composed of skin and its associated organs (hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands).
Protects underlying tissue from trauma, infection, and water loss.
Contains sensory receptors.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis maintains a constant internal environment despite external changes.
Adjusts the body to external changes within reasonable limits.
Internal body fluids: blood and interstitial fluid.
Negative feedback:
- Primary homeostatic mechanism.
- Changes direction to bring it close to a set point.

Cancer

Classified based on the tissue of origin.
Types of cancer:
- Carcinomas (most common): starts in epithelial tissue.
- Leukemia (common): starts in blood.
- Sarcoma: starts in muscular or connective tissue.
- Lymphomas: starts in lymphoid tissue.

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Description

This quiz covers the organization of cells into tissues, organs, and organ systems. It also explores the four types of tissues and their functions.