Biology Chapter 4

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Questions and Answers

Which structure is responsible for regulating body temperature and water balance?

  • Cerebellum
  • Medulla Oblongata
  • Hypothalamus (correct)
  • Epithalamus

What is the primary function of the medulla oblongata?

  • Vision and hearing reflexes
  • Balance coordination
  • Breathing and heart rate control (correct)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid formation

Which part of the brain stem connects to the spinal cord?

  • Cerebellum
  • Midbrain
  • Medulla Oblongata (correct)
  • Pons

What is housed within the epithalamus?

<p>Pineal body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is vital for involuntary coordination of body movements?

<p>Cerebellum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the thalamus in the brain?

<p>Acts as a relay station for sensory impulses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the cerebrum is primarily composed of neuron cell bodies?

<p>Gray matter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the cerebral cortex is specifically involved in the ability to speak?

<p>Broca's area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres?

<p>Corpus callosum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebrum is divided into lobes by deep grooves called what?

<p>Fissures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information does the somatic sensory area primarily receive?

<p>Sensory information from the body's receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a surface lobe of the cerebrum?

<p>Diencephalon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from problems in the basal nuclei?

<p>Spastic muscle control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the meninges is the innermost layer that clings to the surface of the brain?

<p>Pia mater (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>To provide a watery cushion that protects the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances can easily cross the blood-brain barrier?

<p>Fats and fat-soluble molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cerebellum is primarily responsible for which of the following functions?

<p>Maintaining equilibrium and coordination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobes of the brain are primarily involved in processing sensory information such as temperature and pain?

<p>Parietal lobes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a function of the frontal lobes?

<p>Sensory information processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The middle layer of the meninges is known as what?

<p>Arachnoid layer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is located at the base of the brain and is involved in motor coordination?

<p>Cerebellum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for integrating and relaying sensory information?

<p>Thalamus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function is the pons primarily responsible for apart from respiration?

<p>Facial muscle strength (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the limbic system is involved in memory and emotions?

<p>Hippocampus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the limbic system?

<p>Regulates automatic functions such as appetite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the cranial nerves responsible for eye muscle and hearing control exit from?

<p>Midbrain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the vital processes controlled by the medulla oblongata?

<p>Blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the limbic system plays a role in emotional regulation?

<p>Amygdala (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Neural Tube Development

The central nervous system develops from a tube-like structure called the neural tube.

Ventricles of the Brain

The hollow center of the neural tube eventually becomes the ventricles of the brain.

Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions like thinking, language, and memory.

Cerebral Cortex

The outer layer of the cerebrum, responsible for processing sensory information.

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Somatic Sensory Area

The part of the cerebral cortex that receives sensory information from the body.

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Primary Motor Area

The part of the cerebral cortex that sends signals to the muscles to initiate movement.

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Broca's Area

A region in the cerebral cortex responsible for producing speech.

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White Matter

The innermost layer of the cerebrum, composed of myelinated nerve fibers.

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What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A vital structure located below the thalamus, the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating the autonomic nervous system. It controls body temperature, manages water balance, regulates metabolism, and influences hormonal secretion by the pituitary gland. Additionally, it is a key component of the limbic system, responsible for emotions.

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Dura Mater

The tough outer layer of the meninges, protecting the brain and spinal cord. It has two layers: periosteum attached to the skull and a meningeal layer covering the brain. It folds inward for better protection.

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Where is the epithalamus located and what are its key roles?

The epithalamus forms the roof of the third ventricle and houses the pineal body, an endocrine gland. It also includes the choroid plexus, which produces cerebrospinal fluid.

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Arachnoid Layer

The middle layer of the meninges, resembling a web-like structure. It contains cerebrospinal fluid and helps cushion the brain.

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What are the key components and functions of the brainstem?

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata are the three main components of the brainstem. The midbrain primarily consists of nerve fiber tracts and houses reflex centers for vision and hearing. The pons is a bulging structure with fiber tracts and nuclei controlling breathing. The medulla oblongata, the lowest part of the brain stem, merges into the spinal cord and contains vital control centers for heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting.

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Pia Mater

The delicate inner layer of the meninges, directly adhering to the brain's surface. It provides nourishment and support.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid

A fluid similar to blood plasma, produced by the choroid plexus. It acts as a shock absorber, protecting the brain and spinal cord.

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What is the cerebellum responsible for?

The cerebellum is a two-hemisphere structure with a convoluted surface and plays a vital role in involuntary coordination of body movements. It is essential for maintaining body balance.

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Blood Brain Barrier

A protective barrier formed by capillaries in the brain, restricting the passage of many harmful substances. It allows essential nutrients and oxygen to pass.

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What layers protect the brain?

The central nervous system is protected by several layers: the scalp and skin, the skull and vertebral column, the meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and the blood-brain barrier.

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Frontal Lobes

The frontal lobes are responsible for voluntary movements, planning, decision-making, personality, and complex behavior.

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Parietal Lobes

The parietal lobes receive and process sensory information like touch, temperature, pain, and pressure. They are also involved in spatial awareness and navigation.

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Where is the midbrain located?

The midbrain is located below the hypothalamus and contains cranial nerves that control eye muscles and hearing.

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What is the function of the pons?

The pons acts as a bridge between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata. It controls eye and facial muscles, respiration, and inhibitory functions.

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What does the medulla oblongata control?

The medulla oblongata is the lowest part of the brain stem and connects to the spinal cord. It controls vital functions like heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.

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What is the limbic system?

The limbic system integrates higher mental functions and primitive emotions. It's the "emotional brain."

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What is the role of the thalamus?

The thalamus is a relay center, integrating and passing sensory information. It also plays a role in motor control and memory.

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What does the hypothalamus control?

The hypothalamus controls automatic functions like appetite, thirst, and body temperature. It also secretes hormones.

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What is the hippocampus responsible for?

The hippocampus is involved in memory formation and emotions.

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What is the amygdala responsible for?

The amygdala processes emotions like fear and anger, playing a key role in feelings.

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Study Notes

Central Nervous System (CNS)

  • CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube
  • The neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord
  • The opening of the neural tube becomes the ventricles
  • Four chambers within the brain are filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Regions of the Brain

  • Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)
    • Diencephalon
    • Brain stem
      • Midbrain
      • Pons
      • Medulla oblongata
  • Cerebellum
  • Corpus callosum is a large white matter tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
    • Paired (left and right) superior parts of the brain
    • More than half of the brain mass

Cerebrum

  • Surface made of ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci)
  • Fissures divide the cerebrum into lobes
  • Lobes:
    • Frontal lobe
    • Parietal lobe
    • Occipital lobe
    • Temporal lobe
  • Specialized areas of the cerebrum
    • Somatic sensory area - receives sensory impulses from the body

Sensory and Motor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

  • Primary motor area - sends impulses to skeletal muscles
  • Broca's area - involved in speech
  • Primary auditory cortex
  • Wernicke's Area
  • Angular gyrus
  • Primary visual cortex

Interpretation Areas of the Cerebrum

  • Speech/language region
  • Language comprehension region
  • General interpretation area

Layers of the Cerebrum

  • Gray matter
    • Outer layer
    • Composed mostly of neuron cell bodies
  • White matter
    • Fiber tracts inside the gray matter
      • Example: corpus callosum connects hemispheres
    • Basal nuclei - internal islands of gray matter which regulates voluntary motor activities
    • Problems = unable to control muscles, spastic, jerky
    • Involved in Huntington's and Parkinson's Disease

Diencephalon

  • Sits on top of the brain stem
  • Enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres
  • Made of three parts:
    • Thalamus
  • Relay station for sensory impulses
  • Transfers impulses to the correct part of the cortex for localization and interpretation

Hypothalamus

  • Under the thalamus
  • Important autonomic nervous system center
  • Helps regulate body temperature
  • Controls water balance
  • Regulates metabolism
  • Neural control for pituitary gland for feedback control of hormonal secretion through its releasing factors.
  • Important part of the limbic system

Epithalamus

  • Forms the roof of the third ventricle
  • Houses the pineal body (an endocrine gland)
  • Includes the choroid plexus - forms cerebrospinal fluid
  • The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus

Brain Stem

  • Attaches to the spinal cord
  • Parts of the brain stem
    • Midbrain
    • Pons
    • Medulla oblongata

Midbrain

  • Mostly composed of tracts of nerve fibers
  • Reflex centers for vision and hearing

Pons

  • Cerebral aqueduct - 3rd-4th ventricles
  • The bulging center part of the brain stem
  • Mostly composed of fiber tracts
  • Includes nuclei involved in the control of breathing

Medulla Oblongata

  • The lowest part of the brain stem
  • Merges into the spinal cord
  • Includes important fiber tracts
  • Contains important control centers
    • Heart rate control
    • Blood pressure regulation
    • Breathing
    • Swallowing
    • Vomiting

Cerebellum

  • Two hemispheres with convoluted surfaces
  • Provides involuntary coordination of body movements
  • Important for body balance

Protection of the Central Nervous System

  • Scalp and skin
  • Skull and vertebral column
  • Meninges
    • Dura mater (double-layered external covering)
    • Periosteum – attached to surface of the skull
    • Arachnoid mater (middle layer, web-like)
    • Pia mater (internal layer, clings to the surface of the brain)
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Blood brain barrier

Cerebrospinal Fluid

  • Similar to blood plasma composition
  • Formed by the choroid plexus
  • Forms a watery cushion to protect the brain
  • Circulated in arachnoid space, ventricles, and central canal of the spinal cord

Blood Brain Barrier

  • Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body
  • Excludes many potentially harmful substances
  • Useless against some substances
    • Fats and fat-soluble molecules
    • Respiratory gases
    • Alcohol
    • Nicotine
    • Anesthesia

Lobes of the Brain

  • Frontal lobes; In the front of the brain; 1-Responsible for voluntary movements; 2-Participate in;
  • Parietal lobes; Behind the frontal and in front of the occipital lobes; 1-Process sensory information like temperature, pain, taste, touch; 2-Process information about numbers; 3-Awareness of the person to the position of body parts;
  • Temporal lobes; On each side of the brain; Process memory, auditory information, and speech/;
  • Occipital lobes; At the back of the brain; Receive and process visual information

The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions

  • The Limbic System is a complex set of structures found just beneath the cerebrum and on both sides of the thalamus.
  • It combines higher mental functions, emotions, into one system.
  • Involved in emotional lives, pleasure, learning, formation of memories.
  • Structures of limbic system
    • Hippocampus
    • Amygdala
    • Thalamus
    • Hypothalamus
    • Fornix
    • Cingulate Gyrus

Ventricles and Location of the Cerebrospinal Fluid

  • Lateral ventricles in the cerebral hemispheres
  • Third ventricle
  • Cerebral aqueduct
  • Fourth ventricle

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