Podcast
Questions and Answers
Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?
Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?
- Lysosomes
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- Nucleus (correct)
- Golgi apparatus
The structural framework in a cell is the:
The structural framework in a cell is the:
- Cytoskeleton (correct)
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
- Endomembrane system
- Plasma membrane
- Extracellular matrix
Where in a cell is ATP made?
Where in a cell is ATP made?
- Nucleus
- Lysosomes
- Chloroplasts
- Ribosomes
- Mitochondria (correct)
What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?
What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?
One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by:
One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by:
Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?
Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?
Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?
Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?
Where are lipids made in the cell?
Where are lipids made in the cell?
What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?
What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?
Prokaryotic cells vs. Eukaryotic cells contain:
Prokaryotic cells vs. Eukaryotic cells contain:
Sequence the path of a solute from the external environment to the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell: _______ --> _______ --> _______
Sequence the path of a solute from the external environment to the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell: _______ --> _______ --> _______
What is the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls?
What is the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls?
What structures are found in all bacterial cells?
What structures are found in all bacterial cells?
Indicate the bacterial structures that are likely to be antigens, to which host antibodies bind:
Indicate the bacterial structures that are likely to be antigens, to which host antibodies bind:
Identify antibacterial strategies that would likely be selectively toxic for bacteria.
Identify antibacterial strategies that would likely be selectively toxic for bacteria.
A strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae is no longer able to synthesize its capsular polysaccharide. What is a likely outcome?
A strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae is no longer able to synthesize its capsular polysaccharide. What is a likely outcome?
A strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been genetically altered and can no longer produce fimbriae. What is a likely outcome?
A strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been genetically altered and can no longer produce fimbriae. What is a likely outcome?
Which structural features of E. coli is most responsible for the signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection?
Which structural features of E. coli is most responsible for the signs and symptoms of a urinary tract infection?
Which statement best describes how streptomycin attacks bacterial cells?
Which statement best describes how streptomycin attacks bacterial cells?
Why are most Gram-negative bacteria resistant to the actions of penicillin?
Why are most Gram-negative bacteria resistant to the actions of penicillin?
Which of the following is NOT a classic sign and/or symptom of a urinary tract infection?
Which of the following is NOT a classic sign and/or symptom of a urinary tract infection?
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Study Notes
Cellular Structure and Function
- The nucleus stores the cell's genetic information in the form of DNA.
- The cytoskeleton serves as the structural framework, providing shape and support to the cell.
- Mitochondria are the sites of ATP production, known as the powerhouses of the cell.
- mRNA (messenger RNA) carries instructions for protein synthesis from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- The rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is studded with ribosomes, which complete proteins during synthesis.
- The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for lipid synthesis, lacking ribosomes.
Endomembrane System
- The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins and is a key component of the endomembrane system, which includes the ER and lysosomes.
- Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to degrade worn-out organelles.
Plasma Membrane
- The plasma membrane regulates the entry and exit of materials, acting as a selective barrier.
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic cells contain 70S ribosomes, a peptidoglycan cell wall, and circular chromosomes.
- Eukaryotic cells feature 80S ribosomes, linear chromosomes, and organelles like lysosomes and mitochondria.
Bacterial Structures and Their Functions
- In prokaryotes, the sequence for a solute entry is from the capsule to the cell wall to the plasma membrane.
- Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layers, while Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane that consists of lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
Unique Bacterial Components
- All bacterial cells contain cytoplasm, a plasma membrane, a nucleoid, and ribosomes.
- Surface components like the capsule, cell wall, fimbriae, and flagella are potential antigens for immune recognition.
Antibacterial Targets
- Antibiotics may selectively target bacterial features such as the 70S ribosome, fimbriae, and peptidoglycan synthesis.
- Streptomycin is effective by inhibiting protein synthesis through disruption of the 70S ribosome.
Infection and Virulence
- Loss of capsular polysaccharide in Streptococcus pneumoniae results in higher susceptibility to phagocytosis.
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae without fimbriae loses its ability to adhere to host tissues, hindering infection.
Clinical Aspects of Urinary Tract Infections
- Fimbriae in E. coli assist in adhesion to the urethra, causing urinary tract infection symptoms.
- Classic symptoms include painful urination, abdominal discomfort, and increased urgency, but blood in urine is not a classic sign.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Gram-negative bacteria often resist penicillin as the outer membrane prevents the drug's penetration.
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