Biology Chapter 4: Human Population Growth

The change in the number of people over time, influenced by factors like resources, disease, and technology.

Slow population growth, often seen in hunter-gatherer societies due to limited resources and high mortality.

Shift from hunting and gathering to farming, leading to more stable food supply and larger populations.

Period of technological advancements leading to improved living conditions, sanitation, and population increase.

Rapid and accelerating population growth, like a snowball rolling downhill.

The maximum number of individuals an environment can sustainably support.

A period of very fast population growth, triggered by factors like improved health conditions and technology.

A hypothetical period of population decline when resources become depleted.

Low birth rates, stable or slightly aging population, and larger proportion of adults and elderly compared to young ones.

High birth rates and younger population, like in some African nations and India.

Birth rates below replacement level, resulting in smaller cohort of young individuals.

Number of children born per woman.

Average length of life.

Proportion of people in different age groups.

Movement of people between countries, or regions.

Girls married at young ages, can impact population growth.

Cultural preference for male children, potentially impacting sex ratio.

Choice of abortion based on gender of the child, impacting demographics.

Availability of birth control options, impacting fertility rates.

Education about sexual health and reproduction, impacting fertility rates.

Marriage of individuals before reaching adulthood.

Restriction on access to methods for preventing pregnancy.

Postponing marriage to later ages.

Delay between changes in births and deaths.

Graph showing exponential population growth.

Maximum reproduction rate under ideal conditions.

Increase in the size of a population over time.

Proportion of males to females in a population.

Disease causing loss of reproductive age group, impacting reproductive rates.

Social rejection against particular practices.

Factors that limit population growth like resource scarcity, predation, disease, and competition.

Factors that become more influential as population density increases, like competition for resources.

Factors that impact population regardless of density, like natural disasters or pollution.

Number of births per 1000 individuals in a population over a specific time.

Number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume of habitat.

Trees absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it in their biomass and soils.

Trees provide habitats for various species, supporting biodiversity.

Tree roots stabilize soil, reducing erosion by wind and water.

Trees contribute to soil fertility by adding nutrients and organic carbon.

Trees influence precipitation patterns, reduce runoff, and enhance groundwater recharge.

Trees help prevent flooding, erosion, and improve water quality.

Removal of forests leads to loss of ecosystem services like carbon sequestration and biodiversity support.

Healthy forests provide multiple benefits like clean air, water, and support biodiversity.

Benefits provided by ecosystems to humans, like clean air, water, and food.

Trees contribute to the beauty and visual appeal of landscapes and environments.

Trees hold symbolic meaning and represent identity or heritage for communities.

Forests and green spaces offer opportunities for relaxation, outdoor activities, and physical well-being.

Trees attract tourists to natural areas, parks, and scenic landscapes, generating economic benefits.

The bark of West Indian Mahogany has traditional medicinal uses in Cayman Islands folk medicine.

Sage is a common herb in Cayman, used for its medicinal properties, such as sore throats and coughs.

Aloe vera gel is used in Cayman for wound healing, sunburns, and skin care.

Various parts of the soursop tree are used in traditional Cayman medicine for potential health benefits, including digestive issues.

Spanish Needle, found in Cayman, has traditional medicinal uses, such as treating urinary tract infections.

Small-scale agriculture is the main source of food for a large portion of Africa's population.

Small-scale farming is a major source of income and employment for millions in Africa, particularly in rural areas.

Small-scale agriculture contributes to economic growth in Africa by creating jobs and stimulating trade.

Small-scale agriculture in Africa preserves traditional knowledge systems and farming methods.

Large-scale agriculture is a major cause of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest, impacting biodiversity.

Infrastructure projects like roads and dams can increase access to forested areas and accelerate deforestation.

A traditional agricultural practice where land is cleared by cutting down vegetation and burning it before planting crops.

The clearing of forest areas for agriculture, leading to the loss of habitats and biodiversity.

The loss of soil fertility and structural integrity caused by repeated cultivation and burning, leading to erosion and nutrient depletion.

Release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere due to burning vegetation, contributing to climate change.

Large-scale cultivation of oil palms primarily for the production of palm oil, a widely used vegetable oil.

Destruction of habitats and species loss caused by the conversion of forests for palm oil plantations.

Release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere due to the clearing of forests and peatlands for palm oil plantations.

Contamination of water bodies with agrochemicals, fertilizers, and pesticides from palm oil plantations.

Expansion of commercial farming for crops like palm oil, soybeans, and rice, leading to deforestation and biodiversity loss.

Traditional farming practice where land is used for a few years and then left fallow, but increasing population pressure leads to deforestation.

Roads and highways provide access to remote forests, leading to increased logging, mining, and agricultural expansion.

Construction of dams and reservoirs leads to the inundation of forest areas, resulting in habitat destruction and biodiversity loss.

Growth of cities leads to forest clearing for housing, infrastructure, and industrial development, increasing pressure on forests.

Growth of industries like manufacturing and mining necessitates land conversion from forests to industrial zones.

Tourism infrastructure development, such as resorts and hotels, leads to deforestation and habitat fragmentation.

Building and expanding infrastructure along coastlines for tourism purposes, often involving clearing natural habitats like mangroves and beaches.

The destruction or disappearance of natural habitats due to human activities, leading to a decline in biodiversity.

Plants or animals introduced to an area outside their native range that outcompete native species and cause ecological harm.

The sustainable use and management of natural resources to meet human needs while protecting ecosystems for future generations.

Protecting natural environments and wildlife for their intrinsic value, minimizing human interference.

Environmental philosophy prioritizing economic growth and human well-being, often at the expense of environmental conservation.

A designated area in the ocean where conservation measures are taken to protect marine biodiversity and ecosystems.

A documentary highlighting the urgent need to protect endangered species and prevent mass extinction driven by human activities.

Illegal activities involving the poaching, smuggling, and trade of endangered species.

Raising awareness and putting pressure on governments to implement stronger wildlife protection laws.

Using drones, satellite imaging, and remote sensing to monitor endangered species and detect illegal activities.

Using sound recording devices to study elusive or nocturnal species and gather data for conservation efforts.

The illegal trade of gill plates from manta rays, which are used in traditional medicine and are highly valuable.

A village in central Indonesia considered the world's largest manta fishing site.

Travel that minimizes environmental impact, supports local communities, and preserves natural resources.

Ecotourism plays a crucial role in manta ray conservation by providing economic incentives, education, research, and community involvement. Tourists learn about these amazing creatures and their importance, contributing to their protection.

The Bishnois in India have a deep respect for nature, and their story of Amarita Devi sacrificing her life to protect trees established the term 'tree hugger' as a symbol of environmental activism.

The Chipko Movement in India, particularly involving women, popularized tree hugging as a form of nonviolent protest against deforestation. They embraced trees to prevent them from being cut down by loggers.

A term that has evolved to represent environmental activists and conservationists who advocate for the protection of trees and forests. Often used colloquially to describe people passionate about environmental issues.

The variety and abundance of different species within a specific area or ecosystem. For example, coral reefs are known for their high species diversity.

The variety of traits and variations within and between populations of the same species. Examples include different breeds of dogs or varieties of apples.

The variety of ecosystems within a region. Examples include forests, grasslands, deserts, and aquatic ecosystems.

Factors that negatively impact the variety and abundance of life on Earth. These threats include habitat destruction, pollution, climate change, invasive species, and overexploitation.

Biodiversity provides essential services to humans, such as clean air and water, pollination, and regulation of climate. These services are vital for our well-being and depend on a healthy and diverse ecosystem.

We have a moral obligation to protect the diversity of life on Earth. All species deserve respect and have a right to exist, regardless of their perceived usefulness to humans.

Maintaining biodiversity is important for future generations. By preserving ecosystems and species, we ensure a healthy planet with resources for generations to come.

The variety of life on Earth, encompassing all species, genetic diversity, and ecosystems.

The term 'tree hugger' became associated with those advocating for environmental protection in the latter half of the 20th century as environmental concerns grew globally.

The term 'tree hugger' has transcended its original meaning and become a symbol of environmental consciousness and activism. It represents individuals passionate about environmental issues and a sustainable lifestyle.

The variety of ecosystems or habitat types in a region.

The image of a tree hugger appears in various forms of popular culture, solidifying its recognition as an archetype representing environmental values and ethics.

Long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns, impacting ecosystems and species.

Harvesting resources like fish or trees faster than they can replenish, threatening species.

Contamination of air, water, or soil with harmful substances, harming ecosystems and wildlife.

A worldview that considers humans as the most important beings, valuing human interests above others.

A worldview that recognizes the intrinsic value of all living things, advocating for biodiversity protection.

A worldview that values whole ecosystems and the planet's health, focusing on interconnectedness of all.

The ability of an ecosystem to withstand disturbances and recover.

An Indian community known for their strong commitment to environmental conservation, particularly tree and animal protection.

Beliefs and practices of a community that shape their relationship with the environment.

A period when a large proportion of species disappear from Earth in a relatively short time, impacting ecosystems and evolution.

Mature forests with old, large trees, diverse plant and animal life, and complex ecological processes. They are ecologically valuable.

An activist who lived in a redwood tree for two years to protect it from logging, raising awareness about old-growth forest conservation.

Species at risk of extinction due to factors like habitat loss, pollution, or invasive species.

Species whose presence or absence reflects the health of an ecosystem. They act as environmental indicators.

Charismatic or iconic species used to raise awareness about conservation efforts, like the giant panda or the blue iguana.

Species whose protection benefits other species within their ecosystem because they require a large habitat area.

Community-led efforts to protect and conserve natural resources, often involving local groups and individuals.

Ecosystem services are vital for human well-being as they provide resources, regulate the environment, and improve quality of life.

While sustainable at small scales, widespread slash and burn can lead to deforestation, soil degradation, and loss of biodiversity.

Old growth forests are valuable habitats that support biodiversity, store carbon, and provide ecosystem services, making their conservation important.

Chemicals needed in large amounts by plants and animals for growth and vital functions. Examples include nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

Essential nutrients required in smaller quantities by plants and animals. Examples include calcium, iron, and copper.

Essential for protein synthesis, chlorophyll production, and DNA/RNA formation in plants and animals.

Vital component of energy transfer (ATP), cell membranes, and genetic information in plants and animals.

Essential for water balance, enzyme activation, and stomatal regulation in plants. In animals, it's key for nerve function and muscle contraction.

Organisms with altered genetic material using biotechnology for desired traits like pest resistance or enhanced nutrition.

Using a soil bacterium to transfer desired genes into plants by exploiting its natural infection process.

Firing tiny particles coated with DNA containing desired genes into plant cells, directly introducing new genetic material.

Chemicals used to protect crops, livestock, and food from pests like insects, weeds, fungi, and pathogens.

Potential risks associated with insecticides include harm to non-target organisms, environmental pollution, and resistance development in pests.

Genetically modified soybeans resistant to the herbicide glyphosate, allowing easier weed control.

Genetically modified corn producing a bacterial toxin that protects against specific insect pests.

Genetically modified rice producing beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A, to address vitamin A deficiency.

Genetic modification directly introduces specific genetic changes, while evolution is a natural process of gradual change over time driven by mutations and selection.

Species that are native and unique to a specific geographic region or habitat.

A forestry practice that removes specific trees or species while preserving others.

A forestry practice that removes all trees from a designated area.

Tourism focused on responsible travel that minimizes environmental impact and promotes conservation, education, and community involvement.

The study of spatial patterns and processes across landscapes, examining interactions between organisms, habitats, and landforms.

Cultivating multiple crop species in the same area to promote biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and reduce disease risk.

Cultivating a single crop species over large areas, often leading to risks of disease, soil depletion, and pest outbreaks.

Use of machines and technology to automate farming practices, increasing productivity and reducing labor requirements.

Artificially applying water to land to support crop cultivation, enabling agriculture in dry areas.

Synthetic chemicals used to control pests and enhance crop growth, though they raise environmental concerns.

Agricultural practices that prioritize biodiversity, soil health, and ecological balance, using methods like polyculture and organic farming.

A period around 10,000 BCE when humans transitioned from hunter-gatherer lifestyles to settled agriculture.

Labor-intensive methods using manual tools like hoes and sickles, often incorporating polyculture to reduce risks.

Inventions like the seed drill, plow, and reaper mechanized farming, increasing productivity and leading to surplus food.

Pesticides can help control pests that damage crops, reduce yields, and spread diseases, ultimately increasing food production and protecting public health.

Pesticides can accidentally harm beneficial insects like pollinators and predators, disrupting the ecosystem and reducing biodiversity.

Over time, pests can develop resistance to pesticides, requiring stronger doses or different control methods.

Pesticides can contaminate soil, water, and air, harming wildlife and risking human health through polluted water and food.

Food security means everyone has access to enough safe and nutritious food to live a healthy life. It involves having enough food, being able to afford it, and having a stable supply.

These countries have strong food systems, including good agricultural infrastructure, efficient food distribution, and social safety nets that help people get food when needed.

These countries struggle with food security due to a combination of environmental, social, and economic challenges.

Even wealthy countries can become food insecure, especially during economic crises, natural disasters, or global supply chain disruptions.

IPM is a holistic approach to managing pests without relying heavily on chemical pesticides. It combines various techniques like biological control, crop rotation, and using natural predators.

IPM is beneficial because it reduces environmental pollution, protects beneficial insects, and minimizes the development of pesticide resistance.

IPM uses biological, cultural, physical, and chemical methods to control pests. Examples include using natural predators, practicing crop rotation, and using traps to catch pests.

The Department of Agriculture and other authorities ensure safe and responsible use of pesticides by regulating importation, distribution, sale, and use to protect the environment and public health.

The Cayman Islands encourages IPM practices to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides and protect the environment. They raise awareness about safe pesticide use and support sustainable pest management.

Effective pest management in the Cayman Islands requires collaboration between government, agricultural stakeholders, and community partners to monitor pest populations, conduct research, and protect the environment.