Biology Chapter 4

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Which statement accurately describes the role of sodium and potassium ions in the human body?

They primarily contribute to the structure of bones and teeth.

They are essential for nerve impulses and muscle function. (correct)

They are major components of hemoglobin in red blood cells.

They are crucial for maintaining blood acidity and pressure.

What distinguishes weak acids from strong acids?

Strong acids are always less harmful than weak acids.

Strong acids release fewer protons than weak acids.

Weak acids ionize completely, while strong acids do not.

Weak acids only dissociate partially, while strong acids ionize completely. (correct)

Which of the following correctly identifies the classification of ribose?

Hexose

Polysaccharide

Pentose (correct)

Triose

Which disaccharide is formed from glucose and galactose?

Lactose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is considered a salt?

KCl Signup and view all the answers

How do electrolytes aid in hydration within the body?

They help balance blood acidity and pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What type of carbohydrate is glycogen primarily categorized as?

Storage polysaccharide Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate serves as the primary structural component of plant cell walls?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of a severely disturbed electrolyte balance?

Deterioration of nerve and muscle function. Signup and view all the answers

How are carbohydrates primarily categorized based on their structure?

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of inorganic compounds?

Tend to be small and simple molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about water (H₂O) is correct?

It has a high heat capacity that helps regulate body temperature. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the polarity of water molecules?

Water's polarity allows it to act as a universal solvent. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of water in providing cushioning within the body?

Serves as a protective buffer for sensitive tissues. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an organic compound?

Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) Signup and view all the answers

What property of lipids makes them insoluble in water?

They are nonpolar molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of a triglyceride?

Monosaccharides Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fat is characterized by having only single covalent bonds?

Saturated fat Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of stored energy in triglycerides?

9 calories per gram Signup and view all the answers

What defines water as a 'universal solvent'?

It dissolves polar molecules effectively. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of unsaturated fats?

They contain one or more double covalent bonds. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of water in hydrolysis reactions?

Water functions as a reactant to break down larger molecules. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most critical pH range for blood to avoid life-threatening conditions?

7.35 to 7.45 Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cerebrospinal fluid and amniotic fluid regarding water?

They serve as protective fluids in the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the transport properties of water in biological systems?

Water facilitates the movement of various substances throughout the body. Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for expelling CO2 to decrease blood acidity?

Lungs Signup and view all the answers

How do kidneys contribute to blood pH regulation?

They excrete excess acids or bases. Signup and view all the answers

How does the size of solutes in a solution compare to the visibility of these solutes under a light microscope?

Dissolved solutes are so small they cannot be seen under a light microscope. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the bicarbonate buffer system in blood pH regulation?

It helps to maintain acid-base balance. Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effects may occur if blood pH drops below 6.8 or rises above 8.0?

May result in serious health concerns or death. Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during the neutralization reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid?

Sodium chloride and water Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could indicate a basic (alkaline) solution?

A pH of 8 Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is primarily responsible for breaking down proteins in the stomach?

Hydrochloric acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fatty acids in the body?

Components of cell membranes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following acids is commonly found in citrus fruits?

Citric acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process through which polymers are formed from monomers?

Dehydration synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes hydrolysis?

It requires the addition of a water molecule to break down polymers. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a type of biological polymer?

Lipids Signup and view all the answers

What is the general atomic ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?

1:2:1 Signup and view all the answers

In dehydration synthesis, what is produced when one monomer loses a hydroxyl group and another loses a hydrogen?

Water Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about phospholipids is true?

Phospholipids form a bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing inward. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major role of cholesterol in the body?

It is a crucial component in producing various steroids. Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with trans fats?

They are formed by solidifying liquid fats through hydrogenation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is most likely to be a good source of omega-3 fatty acids?

Cold-water fish and walnuts. Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a nucleotide differs between DNA and RNA?

Pentose sugar Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of steroids?

They are made of four interlocking rings. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of nucleic acids in biological systems?

To store and transmit hereditary information Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bases is classified as a purine?

Adenine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the composition of nucleic acids?

Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nitrogenous base is not found in DNA?

Uracil Signup and view all the answers