Biology Chapter 4
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Questions and Answers

Which statement accurately describes the role of sodium and potassium ions in the human body?

  • They primarily contribute to the structure of bones and teeth.
  • They are essential for nerve impulses and muscle function. (correct)
  • They are major components of hemoglobin in red blood cells.
  • They are crucial for maintaining blood acidity and pressure.

What distinguishes weak acids from strong acids?

  • Strong acids are always less harmful than weak acids.
  • Strong acids release fewer protons than weak acids.
  • Weak acids ionize completely, while strong acids do not.
  • Weak acids only dissociate partially, while strong acids ionize completely. (correct)

Which of the following correctly identifies the classification of ribose?

  • Hexose
  • Polysaccharide
  • Pentose (correct)
  • Triose

Which disaccharide is formed from glucose and galactose?

<p>Lactose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is considered a salt?

<p>KCl (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do electrolytes aid in hydration within the body?

<p>They help balance blood acidity and pressure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of carbohydrate is glycogen primarily categorized as?

<p>Storage polysaccharide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate serves as the primary structural component of plant cell walls?

<p>Cellulose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of a severely disturbed electrolyte balance?

<p>Deterioration of nerve and muscle function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are carbohydrates primarily categorized based on their structure?

<p>Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of inorganic compounds?

<p>Tend to be small and simple molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about water (H₂O) is correct?

<p>It has a high heat capacity that helps regulate body temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the polarity of water molecules?

<p>Water's polarity allows it to act as a universal solvent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of water in providing cushioning within the body?

<p>Serves as a protective buffer for sensitive tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an organic compound?

<p>Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of lipids makes them insoluble in water?

<p>They are nonpolar molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of a triglyceride?

<p>Monosaccharides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fat is characterized by having only single covalent bonds?

<p>Saturated fat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of stored energy in triglycerides?

<p>9 calories per gram (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines water as a 'universal solvent'?

<p>It dissolves polar molecules effectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of unsaturated fats?

<p>They contain one or more double covalent bonds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of water in hydrolysis reactions?

<p>Water functions as a reactant to break down larger molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most critical pH range for blood to avoid life-threatening conditions?

<p>7.35 to 7.45 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cerebrospinal fluid and amniotic fluid regarding water?

<p>They serve as protective fluids in the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the transport properties of water in biological systems?

<p>Water facilitates the movement of various substances throughout the body. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is primarily responsible for expelling CO2 to decrease blood acidity?

<p>Lungs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do kidneys contribute to blood pH regulation?

<p>They excrete excess acids or bases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the size of solutes in a solution compare to the visibility of these solutes under a light microscope?

<p>Dissolved solutes are so small they cannot be seen under a light microscope. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the bicarbonate buffer system in blood pH regulation?

<p>It helps to maintain acid-base balance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological effects may occur if blood pH drops below 6.8 or rises above 8.0?

<p>May result in serious health concerns or death. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced during the neutralization reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid?

<p>Sodium chloride and water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following could indicate a basic (alkaline) solution?

<p>A pH of 8 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is primarily responsible for breaking down proteins in the stomach?

<p>Hydrochloric acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of fatty acids in the body?

<p>Components of cell membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following acids is commonly found in citrus fruits?

<p>Citric acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary process through which polymers are formed from monomers?

<p>Dehydration synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes hydrolysis?

<p>It requires the addition of a water molecule to break down polymers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a type of biological polymer?

<p>Lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general atomic ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?

<p>1:2:1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In dehydration synthesis, what is produced when one monomer loses a hydroxyl group and another loses a hydrogen?

<p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about phospholipids is true?

<p>Phospholipids form a bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing inward. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major role of cholesterol in the body?

<p>It is a crucial component in producing various steroids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is associated with trans fats?

<p>They are formed by solidifying liquid fats through hydrogenation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is most likely to be a good source of omega-3 fatty acids?

<p>Cold-water fish and walnuts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a nucleotide differs between DNA and RNA?

<p>Pentose sugar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of steroids?

<p>They are made of four interlocking rings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of nucleic acids in biological systems?

<p>To store and transmit hereditary information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bases is classified as a purine?

<p>Adenine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the composition of nucleic acids?

<p>Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nitrogenous base is not found in DNA?

<p>Uracil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Inorganic Compound

A compound that lacks carbon and tends to be small and simple.

Organic Compound

A compound that contains carbon and is generally large.

Water's Role in Body

The most abundant inorganic compound in the body, regulating temperature, dissolving substances, and cushioning.

Water's Polar Nature

Water molecules have a slightly positive and negative end, allowing it to dissolve many substances.

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High Heat Capacity of Water

Water absorbs a lot of heat without changing temperature greatly, regulating body temperature.

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Water as a solvent

Water dissolves other polar molecules.

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Solute

Substance dissolved in a solvent.

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Solvent

Liquid that dissolves a solute.

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Hydrolysis reaction

Chemical reaction using water to break down molecules.

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Water's protective role

Water cushions vital organs from impact.

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Ionic compound

A compound containing cations other than H+ and anions other than OH-.

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Electrolyte

A substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water.

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Acid

Electrolyte that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in water.

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Strong acid

Acid that ionizes completely, releasing all its protons.

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Weak acid

Acid that ionizes incompletely, releasing some protons.

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Base

A substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) in water.

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Neutralization

Reaction between an acid and a base to form water and a salt.

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pH Scale

Measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, ranging from 0 to 14.

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pH 7

Neutral pH; concentration of H+ = concentration of OH-.

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Biological Polymer

Chain-like molecule made of repeating units called monomers.

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Dehydration Synthesis

Joining monomers to form polymers by removing water.

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Hydrolysis

Breaking polymers into monomers by adding water.

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Carbohydrate

Organic compound with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, often a 1:2:1 ratio.

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Monomer

Repeating unit in a polymer.

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Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that are the basic building blocks of carbohydrates.

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Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides combined by dehydration.

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Polysaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharides.

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Glucose

A common monosaccharide, often called blood sugar.

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Starch

Storage carbohydrate in plants.

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Blood pH range

The blood's pH is tightly controlled between 7.35 and 7.45.

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Lung's role in pH

CO2 release from lungs adjusts pH. Increased breathing reduces acidity. Decreased breathing increases acidity.

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Kidney's role in pH

Kidneys remove excess acid/base to adjust blood pH.

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Buffer system

Bicarbonate ($HCO_3^−/H_2CO_3$) helps keep blood pH stable.

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Dangerous pH levels

pH below 6.8 or above 8.0 can cause severe health problems or death.

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Phospholipid

A type of lipid that forms cell membranes, having a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails.

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What makes a phospholipid amphipathic?

They have both a hydrophilic (polar) head group, usually containing a phosphate group, and hydrophobic (nonpolar) tails made of fatty acids.

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Steroid Structure

Steroids are lipids with a unique structure made up of four interconnected rings.

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Omega-3 Fatty Acids

A type of unsaturated fatty acid found in cold-water fish and some plants, linked to heart health benefits.

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Trans Fats

Unsaturated fats that have been chemically altered to be more solid, often linked to increased risk of heart disease.

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Why are lipids not soluble in water?

Lipids are nonpolar molecules, while water is polar. 'Like dissolves like', so water cannot hydrogen bond with lipids, leading to their insolubility.

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Triglycerides: What are they?

Triglycerides are neutral fats composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid chains, forming the major source of stored energy in the body.

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Saturated Fats

Saturated fats contain only single covalent bonds, resulting in straight chains that pack tightly together, typically existing as solids at room temperature.

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Unsaturated Fats

Unsaturated fats have one or more double covalent bonds, causing their chains to bend and making them liquid at room temperature.

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Heart-Healthy Fats

Unsaturated fats like olive oil and canola oil are considered heart-healthy due to their beneficial effects on cholesterol levels.

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Nucleic Acids

Large biological molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. They store and transmit hereditary information.

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Nucleotide

The building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid. It contains the genetic instructions for building proteins, making it the blueprint of life.

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RNA

Ribonucleic acid. It transfers the genetic instructions from DNA to build proteins.

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Nitrogenous Bases

The chemical components that make up the genetic code. They are divided into two categories: purines (Adenine and Guanine) and pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil).

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