Biology Chapter 4 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration. What are the balanced chemical equations for both? What cell organelles are involved for each?

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2; Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O. Chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis, while mitochondria are involved in cellular respiration.

Describe the function of ATP and how energy is released from ATP.

ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cellular processes. Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule.

List the three main stages that a cell goes through to break down glucose to produce ATP. Where does each stage take place in the cell? How many ATP does each stage produce?

Glycolysis (cytoplasm, 2 ATP), Kreb's cycle (mitochondria, 2 ATP), Electron transport chain (mitochondria, 34 ATP).

What is happening in the light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions in photosynthesis? How does the light-independent reaction (Calvin Cycle) rely on the light-dependent reactions?

In light-dependent reactions, chlorophyll absorbs sunlight, and water is split, releasing oxygen. The Calvin Cycle uses CO2 and relies on energy produced in light-dependent reactions to convert it into glucose. Signup and view all the answers

Compare anaerobic respiration (fermentation) to aerobic respiration. What gas is needed for aerobic respiration and is not present for anaerobic respiration?

Anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen, while aerobic respiration requires oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

Give two examples of 'structure and function' related to the structure of a cross section of a leaf and explain.

<ol> <li>Palisade layer is closely packed to maximize light absorption. 2) Stomata are located on the underside of leaves to minimize water loss.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How is photosynthesis and cellular respiration involved in the carbon cycle?

Plants take in CO2 from the air for photosynthesis and release oxygen. Animals breathe in oxygen and release CO2, contributing to the cycle. Signup and view all the answers

What is chemiosynthesis?

Chemiosynthesis is a process by which some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules. Signup and view all the answers

Why do plants appear green? What color of visible light is one of the worst for photosynthesis?

Plants appear green because chlorophyll reflects green light, which is one of the least effective wavelengths for photosynthesis. Signup and view all the answers

Where did most of the matter that makes up tree wood and leaves of a huge tree originally come from?

Carbon dioxide. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how guard cells form a stoma and the function of stomata.

Guard cells swell to form a stoma, allowing gases to diffuse in and out of the leaf. Signup and view all the answers

During the day, what gas diffuses into the stomata and what gases diffuse out?

Carbon dioxide diffuses into the plant, and oxygen diffuses out. Signup and view all the answers

How is osmosis involved with the opening and closing of stomata? Include how potassium ion concentrations create a hypertonic or hypotonic environment.

Guard cells take in water by osmosis, causing them to swell and open the stomata. If K+ concentration is low, water leaves, closing the stomata. Signup and view all the answers

What is transpiration and what is its function?

Transpiration is a cooling mechanism for plants and helps with the uptake of minerals from roots. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are interconnected processes; products of one are the reactants of the other.
Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 (occurs in chloroplasts).
Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (occurs in mitochondria).

ATP Function and Energy Release

ATP serves as the energy currency of the cell, transferring energy from food molecule breakdown.
Energy is released from ATP when a phosphate group is removed.

Stages of Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis: Breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvates, producing 2 ATP; occurs in the cytoplasm.
Krebs Cycle: Extracts energy from glucose, producing 2 ATP and CO2; occurs in mitochondria.
Electron Transport Chain: Extracts energy from NADH to produce 34 ATP; also takes place in mitochondria.
Total ATP yield from glucose is 38 ATP.

Photosynthesis Reactions

Light-Dependent Reactions: Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight, water is split, and oxygen is released, creating ATP.
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle): CO2 is used to synthesize glucose, relying on energy from light-dependent reactions.

Anaerobic vs Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) occurs without oxygen.
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen.

Leaf Structure and Function

Palisade layer: densely packed for maximum light absorption.
Stomata: located on the underside of leaves to regulate gas exchange.

Carbon Cycle Involvement

Plants absorb CO2 for photosynthesis, returning oxygen for respiration; this cycle contributes to the atmosphere's CO2 levels.
Elevated CO2 levels result from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, impacting global warming through the greenhouse effect.

Chemosynthesis

Some organisms utilize chemical energy instead of light energy for producing carbon-based molecules.

Color and Photosynthesis

Plants appear green due to the absorption of other wavelengths of light; green light is least effective for photosynthesis.

Source of Tree Mass

Most mass in tree wood and leaves originates from CO2.

Stomata and Guard Cells

Guard cells form stomata, allowing for gas diffusion essential for plant respiration.
During the day, CO2 enters and O2 exits through stomata.

Osmosis in Stomatal Function

Guard cells regulate stomatal opening through osmosis; swelling closes stomata when losing water.
High potassium ion concentration leads to water influx (hypotonic solution), while pumping K+ out causes closure (hypertonic solution).

Transpiration

Transpiration cools the plant and aids in mineral uptake from the roots.

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Description

Test your knowledge of photosynthesis and cellular respiration with this quiz. Explore the chemical equations, the organelles involved, and compare both processes. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of fundamental biological concepts.