Biology Chapter 4: Classification of Eukaryotes
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Questions and Answers

What are fungi?

The type of eukaryotic microbe that can be unicellular or multicellular with sexual and asexual reproductive lifestyles.

What are yeasts?

Unicellular fungi.

What are molds?

Fungi with mycelia.

What are protozoa?

<p>The type of eukaryotic microbes that are unicellular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are helminths?

<p>The eukaryotic microbes that are parasitic worms that live within a host.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is glycocalyx?

<p>The outermost layer of the eukaryotic cell that comes into contact with the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell wall composed of in fungi?

<p>Chitin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cytoplasmic membrane?

<p>A bilayer of phospholipids that is selectively permeable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?

<p>It is the control center that contains DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>It is involved in transport and storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>It is used for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum used for?

<p>Synthesis and storage of nonprotein macromolecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>It serves as the packaging center for proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lysosomes responsible for?

<p>Carrying out intracellular digestion and debris removal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do vacuoles serve as in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Nutrient storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mitochondria?

<p>Responsible for ATP generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ribosomes?

<p>Staging areas for protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mycology?

<p>The study of multicellular fungi and yeasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does saprophytic mean?

<p>Fungi that live on decaying and dead tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are decomposers in relation to fungi?

<p>Fungi that live on food spoilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color do fungi stain when gram-stained?

<p>Purple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are asexual spores?

<p>Spores that do not involve sexual reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are zygospores?

<p>Spores that increase genetic variation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are dimorphic fungi?

<p>Fungi that are yeasts at body temperature but hyphae at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mycoses?

<p>Fungal infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cutaneous mycoses?

<p>Fungal infections that affect the skin, hair, and nails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are subcutaneous mycoses?

<p>Fungal infections that affect connective tissues below the dermis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are systemic mycoses?

<p>Fungal infections that affect deep organs and/or blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are opportunistic mycoses?

<p>Fungal infections affecting immunocompromised hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method do yeasts use to reproduce?

<p>Budding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are aseptate hyphae?

<p>Hyphae that are not segmented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are septate hyphae?

<p>Hyphae that are segmented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a protist?

<p>Any unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are protozoa classified as?

<p>Chemoheterotrophs found in soil, water, and animal hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the trophozoite stage?

<p>The vegetative or feeding stage of protozoa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cyst stage?

<p>The non-feeding and resistant stage of protozoa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pseudopods?

<p>Structures used for amoeboid motion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are flagella?

<p>Structures used for locomotion that are either one or a few in number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cilia?

<p>Structures used for locomotion that are numerous and distributed over the entire surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are amoebas?

<p>Type of protozoa that have pseudopods and reproduce by fission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is toxoplasmosis?

<p>A disease of the blood and lymphatics caused by protozoa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are flatworms?

<p>Thin and flat helminths that are often segmented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are roundworms?

<p>Elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented helminths.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Helminth infections are identified by high levels of ___________ in the blood, and the presence of helminth ______ in the stool.

Signup and view all the answers

What is fungi?

<p>Eukaryotic microbes that can be unicellular or multicellular with sexual and asexual reproductive lifestyles</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are yeasts?

<p>Unicellular fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are molds?

<p>Fungi with mycelia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of eukaryotic microbes are protozoa?

<p>Unicellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are helminthes?

<p>Parasitic worms that live within a host</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the glycocalyx?

<p>The outermost layer of the eukaryotic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the cell wall in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Only possessed by fungi and made of chitin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cytoplasmic membrane?

<p>A bilayer of phospholipids that is selectively permeable</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

<p>Control center that contains DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Transport and storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum used for?

<p>Protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

<p>Synthesis and storage of nonprotein macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the golgi apparatus?

<p>Packaging center for proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lysosomes responsible for?

<p>Intracellular digestion and debris removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do vacuoles do?

<p>Nutrient storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mitochondria?

<p>ATP generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ribosomes?

<p>Staging areas for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mycology?

<p>The study of multicellular fungi and yeasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are saprophytic fungi?

<p>Fungi that live on decaying and dead tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are decomposers in the fungal context?

<p>Fungi that live on food spoilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color do fungi stain when gram-stained?

<p>Purple</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are asexual spores?

<p>Spores that do not involve sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are zygospores?

<p>Spores that increase genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are dimorphic fungi?

<p>Yeasts at body temperature but hyphae at room temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are mycoses?

<p>Fungal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cutaneous mycoses?

<p>Fungal infections that affect the skin, hair, and nails</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are subcutaneous mycoses?

<p>Fungal infections that affect connective tissues below the dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are systemic mycoses?

<p>Fungal infections that affect deep organs and/or blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are opportunistic mycoses?

<p>Fungal infections affecting immunocompromised hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is budding?

<p>The method by which yeasts reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are aseptate hyphae?

<p>Hyphae that are not segmented</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are septate hyphae?

<p>Hyphae that are segmented</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a protist?

<p>Any unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are protozoa?

<p>Chemoheterotrophs found in soil, water, and animal hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the trophozoite stage in protozoa?

<p>The vegetative or feeding stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cyst stage in protozoa?

<p>Non-feeding and resistant to harsh environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are pseudopods?

<p>Structures used for amoeboid motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are flagella?

<p>Structures used for locomotion that are either one or a few in number</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are cilia?

<p>Structures used for locomotion that are numerous</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are amoebas?

<p>Pseudopods that reproduce by fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is toxoplasmosis?

<p>A disease caused by protozoa, with cats as reservoirs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are flatworms?

<p>Thin and flat helminths that are often segmented</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are roundworms?

<p>Elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented helminthes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Helminth infections are identified by high levels of ___________ in the blood, and the presence of helminth ______ in the stool.

<p>eosinophils, eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fungi

  • Eukaryotic microbes that can exist as unicellular or multicellular organisms.
  • Reproduce through sexual and asexual methods.
  • Yeasts are unicellular fungi.
  • Molds are multicellular fungi characterized by mycelia.
  • Saprophytic fungi feed on decaying tissues; decomposer fungi feed on spoiled food.
  • Asexual spores arise without sexual reproduction; zygospores promote genetic variation.
  • Dimorphic fungi can exist as yeasts at body temperature and as hyphae at room temperature, often pathogenic.
  • Fungal infections are termed mycoses and can be classified as cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic, or opportunistic.

Cellular Structures

  • Glycocalyx serves as the protective outer layer of eukaryotic cells, aiding in adherence and reception.
  • Only fungi possess a cell wall made of chitin; protozoa and helminthes lack cell walls.
  • The cytoplasmic membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer; selectively permeable and stains pink in gram staining.
  • The nucleus is the control center containing DNA and surrounded by a nuclear envelope, including a nucleolus.
  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consists of rough (for protein synthesis) and smooth (for synthesis and storage of nonprotein macromolecules) types.
  • The Golgi apparatus packages proteins, while lysosomes are involved in intracellular digestion.
  • Vacuoles serve as storage organelles, and mitochondria generate ATP; believed to have originated from engulfed bacteria.
  • Ribosomes are essential for protein synthesis and function as staging areas.

Protozoa

  • Unicellular eukaryotes that typically exhibit chemoheterotrophy.
  • Found in soil, water, and various animal hosts.
  • Trophozoite stage is the active vegetative form; cyst stage is dormant and resistant to harsh environments.
  • Distinct movement structures include pseudopods (amoeboid motion), flagella (one or few for locomotion), and cilia (numerous for movement).
  • Amoebas reproduce asexually via fission.

Helminthes

  • Parasitic worms that live within hosts; classified as flatworms and roundworms.
  • Flatworms are thin, flat, and often segmented; include tapeworms and flukes.
  • Roundworms are elongated, cylindrical, and unsegmented.
  • Helminth infections can be diagnosed through elevated eosinophils in blood and presence of eggs in stool samples.

Miscellaneous

  • Mycology is the study of fungi, including both multicellular fungi and yeasts.
  • Fungal infections can lead to serious conditions like toxoplasmosis, affecting blood and lymph and posing risks to pregnant women and infants.

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Test your knowledge on the classification of eukaryotic microbes with these flashcards covering fungi, yeasts, molds, protozoa, and helminthes. This quiz focuses on key definitions and characteristics that make these organisms unique. Perfect for biology students looking to grasp essential concepts in microbiology.

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