Biology Chapter 32: Animal Diversity Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic that all animals share?

  • They have cell walls.
  • They are autotrophic.
  • They are prokaryotes.
  • They are multicellular. (correct)

    • What is the term for the rapid animal diversification that occurred around 541 million years ago?

  • Cambrian extinction
  • Mesozoic era
  • Paleozoic era
  • Cambrian explosion (correct)

    • What is the type of symmetry found in most animals?

  • Bilateral symmetry (correct)
  • Asymmetry
  • Spherical symmetry
  • Radial symmetry

    • What is the term for the stage of embryonic development that consists of a hollow ball of cells?

    <p>Blastula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of animals has no tissue?

    <p>Sponges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the body cavity found in some animals that is surrounded by tissues derived from mesoderm?

    <p>Coelom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which group of animals does the blastopore become the anus?

    <p>Deuterostomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phylum of animals includes vertebrates?

    <p>Chordata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cnidarians that they use for capturing prey?

    <p>Nematocysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the group of animals that have a segmented body and a coelom?

    <p>Annelids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Deuterostomes?

    <p>Formation of the anus from the blastopore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the notochord in Chordate embryos?

    <p>To provide structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the epithelial tissue?

    <p>To cover the outside of the body and line organs and cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fibroblasts in connective tissue?

    <p>To secrete fiber proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the nervous tissue?

    <p>To transmit and process information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

    <p>To regulate body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the pancreas in the digestive system?

    <p>To produce trypsin and chymotrypsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the liver in human energy storage?

    <p>To store glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of Amniotes?

    <p>Formation of amniotic eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Endotherms and Ectotherms?

    <p>Metabolic rate and thermoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the vertebrate kidney?

    <p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in increasing water reabsorption in the kidney?

    <p>ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which hormones stimulate specific cells?

    <p>Endocrine signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone is oxytocin?

    <p>Polypeptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region of the brain that coordinates endocrine signaling?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of feedback regulation is more common in the body?

    <p>Negative feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ball of capillaries that produces filtrate in the nephron?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in the regulation of blood sugar levels?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the communication method used by some animal species, involving chemicals released into the environment?

    <p>Pheromone signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the pituitary gland stores and secretes hormones made in the hypothalamus?

    <p>Posterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals has an open circulatory system?

    <p>Insects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of capillaries in the human cardiovascular system?

    <p>Where chemical exchanges occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a 3-chambered heart and a 4-chambered heart?

    <p>Number of ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of platelets in the blood?

    <p>To involve in clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of ventilating lungs in mammals?

    <p>Negative pressure breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of innate immunity?

    <p>To provide non-specific defense against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the excretory system?

    <p>To remove nitrogenous waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of urea?

    <p>Less toxic and high solubility in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Malpighian tubules in insects?

    <p>To remove nitrogenous waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in vertebrates?

    <p>To remove nitrogenous waste products and osmoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of circulatory system is found in annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates?

    <p>Closed circulatory system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the right ventricle in the human cardiovascular system?

    <p>Pumping blood to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the force exerted in all directions, including against the walls of blood vessels?

    <p>Blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the innate immune system?

    <p>Specific immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the kidneys in vertebrates?

    <p>Controlling solute concentrations and balancing water gain and loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nitrogenous waste is relatively nontoxic and not readily soluble in water?

    <p>Uric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of controlling solute concentrations and balancing water gain and loss?

    <p>Osmoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a 4-chambered heart?

    <p>Found in mammals and birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the excretory system?

    <p>Removing nitrogenous waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of breathing is used by mammals to ventilate their lungs?

    <p>Negative pressure breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the glomerulus in the nephron?

    <p>To produce filtrate through hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone is involved in reducing urine volume?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>To make and release hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the regulation of hormone levels through negative feedback mechanisms?

    <p>Feedback regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nephron is responsible for reabsorbing water and solutes?

    <p>Proximal tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

    <p>To coordinate endocrine signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which hormones stimulate specific cells?

    <p>Endocrine signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of hormone is involved in regulating blood sugar levels?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the communication method used by some animal species, involving chemicals released into the environment?

    <p>Pheromone signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ball of capillaries that produces filtrate in the nephron?

    <p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes animals from other organisms?

    <p>Ability to move and respond to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of animals is thought to be the closest living relatives of animals?

    <p>Flagellated protists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the period of rapid animal diversification that occurred around 541 million years ago?

    <p>Cambrian explosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of symmetry is found in most animals?

    <p>Bilateral symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage of embryonic development that consists of a hollow ball of cells?

    <p>Blastula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of animals has germ layers that give rise to tissues and organs?

    <p>Most animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of body cavity found in some animals that is surrounded by tissues derived from mesoderm?

    <p>Coelom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of animals is characterized by the development of a mouth from the blastopore?

    <p>Protostomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of molluscs that allows them to move and feed?

    <p>Muscular foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of animals is characterized by the presence of a segmented body and a coelom?

    <p>Annelids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is common to both vertebrates and invertebrates in the chordate group?

    <p>bilateral symmetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epithelial tissue in the body?

    <p>to protect the body and line organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle?

    <p>smooth muscle is involuntary, while skeletal muscle is voluntary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reproduction is more common in animals?

    <p>sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pharyngeal pouches in chordate embryos?

    <p>they develop into the pharynx and surrounding structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pancreas in digestion?

    <p>to produce enzymes that break down macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of animals is characterized by the presence of a water vascular system?

    <p>echinoderms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypothalamus in the body?

    <p>to coordinate endocrine signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of animals is characterized by the presence of a coelom?

    <p>annelids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the large intestine in the digestive system?

    <p>to absorb water and salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Animal Diversity

    • Animals share common characteristics: ability to move, capture prey, multicellular, no cell walls, heterotrophic, eukaryotes
    • Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists, with choanoflagellates being the closest living relatives
    • The Cambrian explosion marked a period of rapid animal diversification
    • Animal body plans can be classified as radial or bilateral symmetry, with bilateral symmetry being more common and allowing for faster movement and the formation of a head with sensory organs and a central nervous system

    Embryo Development

    • Animal zygotes undergo cleavage, a series of cell divisions without growth between divisions
    • Cleavage leads to the formation of a blastula, often in the form of a hollow ball of cells
    • Protostome vs. deuterostome development:
      • In protostomes, the blastopore becomes the mouth
      • In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the anus

    Invertebrate Animals

    • Invertebrates are animals without a backbone
    • Porifera (sponges):
      • Simplest animals
      • Filter feeders
      • No tissue
    • Cnidarians:
      • True tissues
      • Gastrovascular cavity
      • Polyps and medusa life forms
      • Nematocysts
      • Radial symmetry
    • Lophotrochozoans:
      • Have a lophophore for feeding or a trochophore larval stage
    • Flatworms (platyhelminthes):
      • Flat body form for large surface area
      • Examples: planarians, tapeworms
    • Molluscs:
      • Muscular foot
      • Visceral mass
      • Mantle
      • Major groups: Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda
    • Annelids:
      • Segmented worms
      • Have a coelom
      • Examples: leeches, earthworms
    • Ecdysozoans:
      • Cuticle
      • Molting
    • Nematodes:
      • Have a hemocoel
      • Examples: roundworms
    • Arthropods:
      • Segmented body
      • Exoskeleton
      • Jointed appendages
      • Open circulatory system with heart and hemolymph
      • Examples: Pancrustaceans (including insects), Chelicerates, Myriapods

    Chordates

    • Common characteristics: bilateral, deuterostome development, mostly vertebrates with two groups of invertebrates
    • Four characteristics of chordate embryos:
      • Notochord
      • Dorsal nerve cord
      • Pharyngeal pouches (slits)
      • Post-anal tail
    • Invertebrate chordates: lancelets, tunicates
    • Vertebrate chordates:
      • Hagfishes and lampreys: lack jaws
      • Sharks and rays: oil in the liver to maintain buoyancy
      • Ray-finned and lobe-fin fish: swim bladder for buoyancy
      • Amphibians: need water and land for living, metamorphosis, frogs and salamanders
      • Reptiles: scales, shelled and amniotic eggs, ectothermic
      • Birds: endothermic, direct descendants of dinosaurs
      • Mammals: mammary glands, hair, endothermy (high metabolic rate)

    Animal Body Organization

    • Tissues:
      • Groups of cells with similar appearance and function
      • Four types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
    • Epithelial tissue:
      • Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body
    • Connective tissue:
      • Holds many tissues and organs together in place
      • Examples: tendons, ligaments, bone, adipose tissue, blood
    • Muscle tissue:
      • Skeletal muscle: responsible for voluntary movement
      • Smooth muscle: responsible for involuntary body activities
      • Cardiac muscle: responsible for contraction of the heart

    Animal Form and Function

    • Homeostasis:
      • Automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment
      • Positive and negative feedback
    • Endotherm vs. ectotherm:
      • Pros and cons of each
    • Hypothalamus: physiological thermostat

    Animal Nutrition

    • Variation in diet: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
    • Food processing:
      • Ingestion
      • Digestion
      • Absorption
      • Elimination
    • Most complex animals have a digestive tube with two openings (alimentary canal)
    • Advantages of having a complete digestive system:
      • Specialized regions with diverse functions
    • Digestive system in humans:
      • Oral cavity: salivary glands, amylase
      • Pharynx: junction of the esophagus and trachea
      • Esophagus: connects to the stomach, food is pushed by peristalsis
      • Stomach: gastric juice, chyme, breaks down proteins
      • Small intestine: most enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules occurs here
      • Large intestine: absorbs water and salts, includes colon, cecum, and rectum

    Circulation and Respiration

    • Open and closed circulatory systems:
      • Insects, other arthropods, and some molluscs: open circulatory systems with hemolymph
      • Annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates: closed circulatory systems
    • Human cardiovascular system:
      • Heart
      • Blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries
      • Blood flow:
        • Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs
        • Oxygen-rich blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium
        • Blood flows into the left ventricle and is pumped out to the body
    • Gas exchange in capillary beds occurs
    • Blood pressure: a force exerted in all directions, including against the walls of blood vessels
    • Blood and its components:
      • Plasma: liquid matrix
      • Platelets: fragments of cells involved in clotting
      • Red blood cells (erythrocytes): transport oxygen
      • White blood cells (leukocytes): defense
    • Cardiovascular disease:
      • Hypertension (high blood pressure)
      • Atherosclerosis
      • Heart attack
      • Stroke

    Immune System

    • Examples of pathogens: agents that cause disease, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi
    • Innate immunity:
      • Non-specific, active immediately upon infection
      • Barrier defenses: skin, mucus, body fluids
      • Cellular defense: neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, natural killer cells
      • Inflammation: histamine triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable
      • Interferons: provide innate defense by inhibiting the replication of viruses
    • Adaptive immunity:
      • Activated after the innate response
      • Develops more slowly
      • Enhanced by previous exposure to the pathogen
      • T cells (mature in thymus)
      • B cells (mature in bone marrow)
      • Primary vs. secondary immune response
    • Immunization: the protection provided by a second immune response, vaccines are used for immunization

    Osmoregulation

    • Osmoregulation: controls solute concentrations and balances water gain and loss
    • Animal's nitrogenous waste:
      • Consumption of proteins and nucleic acids causes nitrogenous waste
      • Animals need to remove nitrogenous waste products by excretion
      • Ammonia: very toxic
      • Urea: less toxic and higher solubility in water
      • Uric acid: relatively non-toxic and not soluble in water, energetically expensive to produce than urea
    • Key functions of most excretory systems:
      • Filtration: filtering of body fluids
      • Reabsorption: recovering valuable solutes
      • Secretion: adding nonessential solutes and wastes to the filtrate
      • Excretion: processed filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes is released from the body
    • Malpighian tubules: used by insects and other terrestrial arthropods to remove nitrogenous wastes from hemolymph
    • Kidney: the excretory organs of vertebrates and some other chordates, function in excretion and osmoregulation
    • Nephrons: the functional units of the vertebrate kidney
    • Nephrons consist of a long tubule and a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus
    • ADH: antidiuretic hormone, released from the posterior pituitary and activates membrane receptors on collecting duct cells, causing an increase in water recapture (reduces urine volume)

    Hormones

    • Hormone: a secreted molecule that circulates through the body and stimulates specific cells
    • Communication and control in animals:
      • Endocrine system: chemical signaling by hormones
      • Nervous system: a network of specialized cells (neurons) that transmit signals along dedicated pathways
    • Pheromones: some animal species communicate with pheromones, chemicals that are released into the environment
    • Types of hormones:
      • Polypeptides
      • Steroids
      • Amines
    • Feedback regulation:
      • Negative feedback: the response reduces the initial stimulus (more common)
      • Positive feedback:

    Animal Diversity

    • Common characteristics of animals: can move and capture prey, multicellular, no cell walls, heterotrophic, eukaryotes
    • Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists (closest living relatives: choanoflagellates)
    • Cambrian explosion: marks a period of rapid animal diversification
    • Animal body plan: radial symmetry vs. bilateral symmetry (most animals evolved to have bilateral symmetry, allowing for faster movement, formation of a head with sensory organs and central nervous system)

    Embryo Development

    • Animal zygotes undergo cleavage, a succession of cell division without growth between divisions
    • Cleavage leads to the formation of a blastula, often in the form of a hollow ball of cells

    Animal Tissues

    • Only a few groups have no tissue (e.g., sponges)
    • Most animals have germ layers that give rise to the tissues and organs (diploblastic: ectoderm and endoderm / triploblastic: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm)
    • Body cavity: coelom (a cavity surrounded by tissues derived from mesoderm), hemocoel (filled with hemolymph), or some animals have no cavity at all (e.g., flatworms)

    Invertebrate Animals

    • Invertebrates: animals without a backbone
    • Phyla of invertebrates:
      • Porifera (sponges): simplest animals, filter feeders, no tissue
      • Cnidarians: true tissues, gastrovascular cavity, polyps and medusa life forms, nematocysts, radial symmetry
      • Lophotrochozoans: have a lophophore for feeding or a trochophore larval stage
      • Flatworms (platyhelminthes): flat body form for large surface area (e.g., planarians, tapeworms)
      • Molluscs: muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle (major groups: Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda)
      • Annelids: segmented worms, have a coelom (e.g., leeches, earthworms)
      • Ecdysozoans: cuticle, molting
      • Nematodes: have hemocoel (e.g., roundworms)
      • Arthropods: segmented body, exoskeleton, jointed appendages, open circulatory system with heart and hemolymph (example groups: Pancrustaceans including insects, Chelicerates, Myriapods)

    Chordates

    • Common characteristics of chordates: bilateral, deuterostome development, mostly vertebrates with two groups of invertebrates
    • Four characteristics of chordate embryos: notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches (slits), post-anal tail
    • Invertebrate chordates: lancelets, tunicates
    • Vertebrate chordates: hagfishes, lampreys, sharks, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

    Animal Form and Function

    • Tissues: groups of cells with a similar appearance and function
    • Four types of tissues:
      • Epithelial tissue: covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body
      • Connective tissue: holds many tissues and organs together in place (e.g., tendons, ligaments, bone, adipose tissue, blood)
      • Muscle tissue: responsible for movement
      • Nervous tissue: functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information

    Animal Nutrition

    • Variation in diet: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
    • Food processing: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
    • Most complex animals have a digestive tube with two openings (alimentary canal)
    • Advantages of having a complete digestive system: specialized regions with diverse functions

    Circulation and Respiration

    • Open and closed circulatory system
    • Types of circulatory systems: open (insects, other arthropods, and some molluscs), closed (annelids, cephalopods, and vertebrates)
    • Human cardiovascular system: heart, blood vessels, arteries, veins, capillaries
    • Respiratory system: gas exchange, oxygen-rich blood, oxygen-poor blood, circulation of blood

    Immune System

    • Examples of pathogens: viruses, bacteria, fungi
    • Innate immunity: non-specific, active immediately upon infection
    • Adaptive immunity: activated after the innate response, develops more slowly, enhanced by previous exposure to the pathogen

    Osmoregulation

    • Osmoregulation: controls solute concentrations and balances water gain and loss
    • Animal's nitrogenous waste: ammonia, urea, uric acid
    • Key functions of most excretory systems: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion

    Hormones

    • Hormone: a secreted molecule that circulates through the body and stimulates specific cells
    • Communication and control in animals: endocrine system, nervous system, pheromones
    • Types of hormones: polypeptides, steroids, amines
    • Feedback regulation: negative feedback, positive feedback

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    Review common characteristics of animals, their evolution from protists, and animal body plans with radial and bilateral symmetry. This study guide covers key concepts for a Unit 3 exam.

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