Biology Chapter 3: Reproduction

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Questions and Answers

Higher parental care during development is generally associated with:

Higher offspring numbers

External development

Higher chances of offspring survival (correct)

Lower protection from predation

Which statement is correct?

Internal development requires specialised reproductive systems. (correct)

External fertilisation does not involve gametes.

External development only occurs after external fertilisation.

Internal fertilisation occurs only in terrestrial environments for mammals.

Elephants have the longest gestation period of all animals.

True

What is gestation?

The length of time an embryo needs to develop into a fully functional individual within the body of a parent. Signup and view all the answers

Most species that use external development rely on the ______ for protection.

egg covering Signup and view all the answers

What triggers changes in development during puberty?

Hormones Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

Zygote = The fertilized egg cell. Embryo = The developing organism in the early stages. Fetus = The stage of development after the embryonic stage. Gestation = The period of development inside the womb. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the placenta in human development?

To nourish the developing fetus and provide a connection between the fetus and the mother. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following animals typically uses external development?

Both b and c Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods of reproduction produces offspring that are genetic clones of the parent?

Asexual reproduction Signup and view all the answers

Sexual reproduction produces offspring that are always identical to their parents.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are gametes?

Reproductive cells that carry half the genetic information needed to create an offspring. Signup and view all the answers

During sexual reproduction, a _____ is formed after the fertilization of a female and male gamete.

zygote Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the fusion of male and female gametes?

Fertilization Signup and view all the answers

External fertilisation generally results in a high success rate for offspring survival.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of internal fertilisation?

It protects gametes from environmental threats, increasing the chance of survival for the zygote. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a species that reproduces through external fertilisation?

Salmon Signup and view all the answers

Name one method of asexual reproduction.

Binary fission Signup and view all the answers

Match the reproductive methods with their characteristics:

Sexual reproduction = Combines genetic material from two parents Asexual reproduction = Produces clones from one parent Internal fertilisation = Gametes fuse inside the body External fertilisation = Gametes released into the environment Signup and view all the answers

Oestrogen is involved in:

Involved in the development of female reproductive organs. Signup and view all the answers

During fertilisation, the pathway of sperm is:

Testes → vas deferens → penis → vagina → uterus → fallopian tube Signup and view all the answers

Asexual reproduction produces clones of the parent through:

Specialised structures such as bulbs. Signup and view all the answers

The likely function of flowers on sexually reproducing plants is:

To encourage pollinators to visit the plant. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reproduction Methods

There are two ways to reproduce: sexually and asexually
Sexual reproduction produces offspring by combining genetic information from two parents
Asexual reproduction produces offspring using genetic material from one parent

Sexual Reproduction

Produces offspring with a random combination of traits from both parents
Involves bringing female and male gametes together to form a zygote
Results in variation among offspring, increasing the chance of species survival if conditions change
Common in plants and animals

Gametes

Form in reproductive organs
Contain half the information needed to make an individual
Combine to form a complete set of genetic information
Male gametes (sperm) are small and streamlined, with a long flagellum to help them move through the female reproductive tract
Female gametes (eggs) are larger and immobile, providing protection, nutrients, and instructions for offspring growth

Outcome of Sexual Reproduction

Fertilisation: the process of combining male and female gametes to form a zygote
Zygote: the first cell formed after fertilisation, with a complete set of genetic information
Mitosis: the process of cell division that occurs after fertilisation, resulting in a unique, independent organism

Asexual Reproduction

Produces offspring that are clones of the parent
Faster than sexual reproduction, with no variation among offspring
Common in bacteria, some fungi, and some plants
Types of asexual reproduction include:
- Binary fission: one parent cell divides into two unique daughter cells
- Fragmentation: a piece of the parent body breaks off and regrows
- Budding: an outgrowth on the parent body develops enough to survive on its own
- Parthenogenesis: a female parent produces offspring using only the female gamete

Comparing Methods of Reproduction

Sexual reproduction: requires two gametes, has a high rate of variation, and produces offspring that are different from the parents
Asexual reproduction: requires one parent, has a low rate of variation, and produces offspring that are clones of the parent### Human Reproduction
The human reproductive system consists of male and female reproductive organs that work together to produce offspring.
The male reproductive system produces sperm, while the female reproductive system produces eggs.
Fertilization occurs when a sperm meets an egg in the fallopian tube, resulting in the formation of a zygote.
The zygote then develops into a fetus, which grows and matures inside the uterus.

Fetus Growth Stages

The size of a developing fetus is often compared to common fruits or objects to estimate its size at different stages of development.
Examples of comparisons include:
- Week 5: peppercorn
- Week 9: cherry
- Week 12: plum
- Week 14: lemon
- Week 20: capsicum
- Week 24: cabbage
- Week 28: cauliflower
- Week 36: melon
- Week 38: jackfruit

Puberty

Puberty is the process of physical changes that occur in the human body as it matures and becomes capable of reproduction.
During puberty, the body undergoes noticeable changes, such as voice deepening in males and menstruation in females, and extra hair growth for everyone.

Plant Reproduction

Plants can reproduce sexually or asexually, depending on the structures they have.
Sexual reproduction involves the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure (stamen) to the female reproductive structure (pistil) through pollinators such as insects, wind, or water.
Asexual reproduction involves the production of clones of the parent plant through specialized structures such as runners, spores, and tubers.

Sexual Reproductive Systems in Plants

The male reproductive system in plants is known as the stamen, which produces pollen.
The female reproductive system in plants is known as the pistil, which contains the ovary and stigma.
Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma, allowing fertilization to take place.

Asexual Reproductive Structures in Plants

Examples of asexual reproductive structures in plants include:
- Bulbs (e.g., onions, daffodils)
- Runners (e.g., strawberries, mint)
- Spores (e.g., ferns, mushrooms)
- Tubers (e.g., potatoes, dahlias)

Seed Formation

After fertilization, the zygote develops into a seed around the embryo.
Seeds can be formed through sexual reproduction or asexually through specialized structures.

Predicting Reproduction Outcomes

Plant reproduction outcomes can be predicted by understanding the type of reproduction involved (sexual or asexual).
Factors such as pollinators, specialized structures, and environmental conditions can affect reproduction rates.

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Description

Learn about the different methods of reproduction, including sexual and asexual reproduction in animals and plants. Understand the form and function of reproductive cells and organs.