Biology Chapter 3 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What defines a compound?

  • It is a pure substance made of two or more elements chemically combined. (correct)
  • It is a single element in its pure form.
  • It can be broken down into its constituent elements by physical means.
  • It consists of only one type of atom.

    • Hydrogen bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.

    False

    Define a buffer.

    A buffer is a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.

    The pH of acids ranges from _____ - _____ while the pH of bases ranges from _____ - _____.

    <p>0 - 6, 8 - 14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following macromolecules with their primary function:

    <p>Carbohydrates = Energy storage and supply Lipids = Insulation and long-term energy storage Nucleic Acids = Genetic information storage and transfer Proteins = Catalysts and structural components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a property of water?

    <p>Solid at room temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes are a type of protein that act as catalysts.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the enzyme-substrate complex?

    <p>The enzyme binds to the substrate, facilitating a chemical reaction that converts the substrate into products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?

    <p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fermentation occurs in aerobic conditions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

    <p>C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The waste product of cellular respiration includes ______.

    <p>carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the process to its definition:

    <p>Photosynthesis = Converts light energy into chemical energy Glycolysis = Breaks down glucose into pyruvate Mitosis = Process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells Fermentation = Anaerobic process to regenerate NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of photosynthesis?

    <p>To synthesize glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All cells contain mitochondria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are stem cells?

    <p>Undifferentiated cells that can develop into different cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is ______.

    <p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes occurs during cellular respiration?

    <p>Krebs Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an abiotic factor?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Producers are also known as heterotrophs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is photosynthesis?

    <p>The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of cycling matter is often referred to as __________.

    <p>biogeochemical cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of consumer is a lion classified as?

    <p>Carnivore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ecological terms with their definitions:

    <p>Trophic level = The position of an organism in a food chain Keystone species = A species that has a disproportionate effect on its environment Succession = The process of change in species composition over time Biodiversity = The variety of life in a particular habitat or ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Herbivores are considered primary consumers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define ecological succession.

    <p>The process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___________ is the term for an organism that consumes both plants and animals.

    <p>Omnivore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of keystone species in an ecosystem?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an energy pyramid depict?

    <p>An energy pyramid illustrates the energy transfer between different trophic levels in an ecosystem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Invasive species can significantly disrupt local ecosystems.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ cycle involves the movement of nitrogen through the atmosphere, soil, and living organisms.

    <p>nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of biodiversity?

    <p>Nutrient diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is urbanization?

    <p>The process by which rural areas are transformed into urban areas, leading to increased population density and infrastructure development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    UNIT 1: MACROMOLECULES - CH 2

    • Atoms: Basic building blocks of matter
    • Protons: Positively charged particles in the atom's nucleus
    • Neutrons: Neutral particles in the atom's nucleus
    • Electrons: Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus
    • Nucleus: Contains protons and neutrons
    • Element: A substance consisting of only one type of atom
    • Atomic number: Number of protons in an atom's nucleus
    • Valence electrons: Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, involved in chemical bonding
    • Compound: A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more different elements
    • Covalent bonds: Bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
    • Example of a covalent bond: Water (H₂O)
    • Covalent bond structure: Electrons are shared between atoms, forming a stable molecule
    • Ionic bond structure: Atoms lose or gain electrons, creating ions that attract each other due to opposite charges. (Visual representation required)
    • Lizards walking on water: Surface tension caused by strong water cohesion allows them to briefly walk on water.

    Properties of Water (2.2)

    • Hydrogen bond: An attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.
    • Cohesion: Attraction between water molecules. Example: Water's ability to stick to itself
    • Adhesion: Attraction between water molecules and other substances. Example: Water sticking to a plant stem.
    • Water percentage in humans: ~ 60%
    • Solution: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
    • Solute: The substance dissolved in a solution
    • Solvent: The substance that dissolves the solute
    • pH of acids: 0-6
    • pH of bases: 8-14
    • pH of neutral solution: 7
    • Buffer: A substance that helps resist changes in pH.

    Carbon Compounds (2.3)

    • Monomer: A single unit of a macromolecule
    • Polymer: A long chain of monomers
    • Macromolecule Table (Incomplete):
    Macromolecule Elements Monomer Polymer Function
    Carbohydrates C, H, O Monosaccharides Polysaccharides Energy storage, structural support
    Lipids C, H, O Fatty acids, glycerol Triglycerides, phospholipids Energy storage, insulation, cell membrane structure
    Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P Nucleotides DNA, RNA Genetic information storage and transfer
    Proteins C, H, O, N Amino acids Polypeptides Diverse functions: enzymes, structure, transport, etc.

    Chemical Reactions and Enzymes (2.4)

    • Chemical reaction: Process in which substances change into different substances.
    • Reactants: Substances that participate in a chemical reaction
    • Products: Substances that form as a result of a chemical reaction
    • O₂ + 2H₂ → 2H₂O: Balanced equation -Products: Water, Reactants: Oxygen and Hydrogen (the example provided is already balanced)
    • Activation energy: The energy needed to start a chemical reaction
    • Catalyst: A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed
    • Catalyst effect: A catalyst lowers activation energy and increases the reaction speed.
    • Enzyme: Biological catalysts, typically proteins
    • Enzyme type: Proteins
    • Are enzymes catalysts?: Yes
    • Enzyme effect on reaction (Graph analysis needed): Enzymes reduce activation energy (moving arrow A to B on the energy graph)
    • Active site: Region on an enzyme where the substrate binds
    • Substrate: The molecule that an enzyme acts upon
    • One enzyme to many substrates?: No
    • Enzyme-substrate complex (diagram): Enzyme binds to substrate at the active site and helps facilitate a reaction to produce products
    • Factors affecting enzyme activity: Temperature, pH, and substrate concentration

    UNIT 2: ECOLOGY - CH 3 & 4

    • Ecology: Study of the interactions between organisms and their environment
    • Organism: A living thing. Example: a deer.
    • Population: A group of the same species living in the same area. Example: A herd of deer
    • Community: Several populations living together in the same area. Example: Deer, wolves, and trees interacting.
    • Ecosystem: Interacting biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors in a given area. Example: A forest
    • Biome: A large geographical area with similar climate and organisms. Example: Tundra.
    • Biosphere: All the ecosystems on Earth.
    • Biotic factors: Living components of an ecosystem. Examples: Plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, protists.
    • Abiotic factors: Nonliving components of an ecosystem. Examples: Temperature, water, light, soil, minerals
    • Global system interactions: Constant interconnections via energy transfer and material cycling.
    • Ecosystem energy source: The sun
    • Producer: An organism that makes its own food. Example: a tree.
    • Another term for producer: Autotroph
    • Photosynthesis: Process by which plants use sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen.
    • Consumer: An organism that gets its energy by consuming other organisms. Example: A deer, wolf
    • Another term for consumer: Heterotroph
    • Types of consumers: Herbivores (plant eaters), carnivores (meat eaters), omnivores (plant and meat eaters), detritivores (decomposers), and scavengers.
    • Specialist: A consumer that eats only one or a few types of organisms. Example: Koalas that only eat eucalyptus leaves.
    • Generalist: A consumer that eats a variety of organisms. Example: A raccoon
    • Food chain: Sequence of organisms where each eats the preceding one. Example: grass -> cow -> human.
    • Food web: Interconnected food chains in an ecosystem.
    • Ecological pyramids Model of energy and matter distribution in an ecosystem.
    • Energy loss: Energy is lost as heat at each trophic level of an ecosystem
    • Biomass: Total mass of living matter in an ecosystem
    • Energy pyramid: Visual representation of energy transfer between trophic levels
    • Energy use at each trophic level: Cellular respiration, growth, repair, reproduction
    • *Energy loss percentage: Variable, but roughly 90% at each trophic level.
    • Biomass pyramid: Illustrates the total mass of organisms at each trophic level.
    • Pyramid of numbers: Shows the population of organisms at each level.
    • Biogeochemical cycles: Natural cycles that involve the movement of matter through living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem.
    • Cycling processes: Several, including the water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles.

    UNIT 2 - CH 6 & 5

    • Habitat: The place where an organism lives
    • Microhabitat: A small-scale environment within a larger habitat
    • Microbiome: The community of microorganisms in a particular habitat
    • Tolerance: Range of conditions in which an organism can survive.
    • Niche: Role of an organism in its habitat
    • Competition: Two or more organisms attempt to use the same resource
    • Herbivore: Organism that eats plants
    • Herbivore impact: Herbivores consume plants and influence plant populations and their growth
    • Keystone species: A species that plays a vital role in its ecosystem. Example: Sea otters
    • Commensalism: One organism benefits while the other is unaffected. Example: Barnacles on a whale.
    • Mutualism: Both organisms benefit. Example: Flowers and pollinators
    • Parasitism: One organism benefits while the other is harmed. Example: Tapeworm in a host.
    • Ecological succession: Sequential change in species composition in a community over time.
    • Pioneer species: Early species that colonize a disturbed area.
    • Primary succession: Succession that occurs on newly exposed surfaces, lacking soil.
    • Secondary succession: Succession that occurs in a disturbed area where soil is present.
    • Climax community: A stable community in the final stage of succession
    • Biodiversity types: Species diversity, genetic diversity, ecosystem diversity.
    • Types of biodiversity benefits: Stability, resilience, and productivity of ecosystems.
    • Resilience: Ability of an ecosystem to recover from disturbances.
    • Measuring biodiversity: Using different indices like species richness and abundance.
    • Conservation biology: Field of study devoted to conservation of biodiversity.
    • Geographic range: Areas in which a population or species lives
    • Density distribution types: Random, uniform, clumped.
    • Population growth rate: Growth rate=1: No change Growth rate > 0: Increase Growth Rate < 0: Decrease

    UNIT 3: HUMAN IMPACT - CH 7

    • Ecological footprint: The area of land and water required to provide resources and absorb waste.
    • Ecological footprint resources: Food production, energy use, forest products
    • Great Acceleration: Rapid increase in human impact on the planet from the 1950s to present.
    • Anthromes: Human-modified ecosystems
    • Climate change: Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns
    • Global warming: Increase in Earth's average surface temperature
    • Ocean acidification: Increase in the acidity of ocean water.
    • Ocean acidification steps: Increased CO2 in atmosphere, CO2 absorption by oceans, chemical reaction in seawater, decrease in carbonate ions which harms shelled marine organisms, harm coral reefs. (Diagram Required)
    • Algal blooms cause: Excess nutrients in water bodies.
    • Algal bloom impact: Harm to ecosystems
    • Monoculture: Growing a single crop in large areas
    • Monoculture purpose: Increased productivity at the expense of diversity
    • Deforestation: Clearing forests to make land for other uses.
    • Succession: Replacement of one type of community by another
    • Reforestation: Planting trees in an area that has been deforested.
    • Urbanization: Growth of urban areas.
    • Habitat loss: Removal or destruction of habitats
    • Habitat fragmentation: Splitting of habitats into smaller pieces, isolating populations
    • Habitat restoration: Repairing or rebuilding damaged habitats
    • Invasive species: Non-native species that spread rapidly in a new area and cause harm.
    • CFCs: Chemicals that were used in refrigerants and aerosols but depleted the ozone layer.
    • Smog: Air pollution, can affect the ozone level.
    • Biological magnification: Increase in concentration of pollutants at higher trophic levels.
    • Lead danger: accumulation of harmful substances which poisons people and animals
    • IPCC data: Shows the impact of climate change.
    • Climate change impacts: Various
    • Ecological impacts of climate change: Changes in species and ecosystems due to temperature and weather changes

    UNIT 3 (Cont.): Sustainable Development, and Resilience

    • Sustainable development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
    • Renewable resources: Resources that can be replenished naturally. Examples:: Solar energy, wind energy
    • Nonrenewable resources: Resources that cannot be replenished naturally. Examples: Fossil fuels, minerals.
    • Complex ecosystems: Ecosystems with many diverse components. Example: Forests, coral reefs.
    • Humans in complex ecosystems: Can disrupt them by introducing new elements
    • Resilience: The ability of an ecosystem or community to recover from disturbances.
    • Resilience and sustainable development relation: Resilient ecosystems are better able to adapt to changes, supporting sustainable practices

    UNIT 4: CELLS (Intro)

    • Prokaryotic cell: Simple structure lacking a nucleus & other membrane-bound organelles.
    • Eukaryotic cell: Complex structure with a defined nucleus & membrane-bound organelles.

    UNIT 4: CELLS - CH 9 & 10

    • Photosynthesis: Process that converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose)
    • Cellular Respiration: Process that converts chemical energy (glucose) into usable energy (ATP)
    Process Organelle Cell Type Function Goal Chemical Equation Reactants Products Waste Products
    Photosynthesis Chloroplast Plant Converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose) Produce Glucose 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ Carbon dioxide, water Glucose, oxygen Oxygen
    Cellular Respiration Mitochondria Animal, Plant Converts chemical energy (glucose) into usable energy (ATP) Produce ATP C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 36 ATP Glucose, oxygen Carbon dioxide, water, ATP Carbon dioxide, water

    • Photosynthesis Organelle: Chloroplast

    • Chloroplast definition: Organelles where photosynthesis occurs

    • Chloroplast cell type: Plant cells

    • Photosynthesis equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

    • Photosynthesis reactants: Carbon dioxide, water

    • Photosynthesis goal: Glucose production

    • Photosynthesis waste product: Oxygen

    • Photosynthesis light-dependent stage location: Thylakoid membrane

    • Photosynthesis light-dependent stage power source: Sunlight

    • Photosynthesis light-independent (Dark reaction / Calvin cycle) location: Stroma

    • Photosynthesis light-independent reaction power source: ATP and NADPH

    • Dark reaction inorganic carbon molecule: Carbon dioxide

    • Dark reaction organic carbon molecule: Glucose

    • Cellular Respiration Organelle: Mitochondria

    • Mitochondria definition: Powerhouses of the cell

    • Mitochondria cell type: Plant and animal cells

    • Cellular respiration equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 36 ATP

    • Cellular Respiration reactants: Glucose, oxygen

    • Cellular Respiration goal: ATP production

    • Cellular respiration ATP use: Cellular work, growth, and cell maintenance

    • Cellular Respiration waste products: Carbon dioxide, water

    • Carbon source in CO₂: Organic molecules (glucose)

    • Waste product used for photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide

    Glycolysis (Cellular Respiration)

    • Location: Cytoplasm
    • Starting ATP: 2 ATP
    • Glycolysis product: Pyruvate
    • ATP made in glycolysis: 2 ATP

    Respiration (Krebs Cycle/Electron Transport Chain)

    • Krebs cycle location: Mitochondrial matrix
    • Krebs cycle inputs: Pyruvate
    • Krebs cycle outputs: 4 molecules (Carbon dioxide, ATP, FADH₂, NADH)
    • ETC electron acceptor: Oxygen
    • Water formation: Electron transport chain
    • ATP from Krebs cycle: ~2 ATP per glucose
    • ATP from ETC: ~32 ATP per glucose

    Fermentation

    • Fermentation types: Alcoholic and lactic acid
    • Fermentation type: Anaerobic
    • NADH during fermentation: Reduces to NAD+
    • Muscle soreness cause: Lactic acid fermentation
    • Additional ATP in fermentation: Little to None
    • Fermentation location: Cytoplasm

    UNIT 4: CELLS - CH 11 (Cell Growth and Division)

    • Surface area-to-volume ratio impact: Limits cell size, as volume grows faster than surface area, hindering exchange of resources and waste.
    • Cell growth limitations: Size and nutrient availability
    • Cell division key points: Precise duplication of genetic material and division into two daughter cells.
    • Asexual reproduction: Reproduction without the involvement of gametes (sex cells)
    • Sexual reproduction: Reproduction involving the union of gametes from two parents.
    • Asexual vs. sexual reproduction: Similarities: Both produce new organisms; Differences: Asexual reproduction is faster and produces genetically identical offspring. Sexual reproduction is slower and produces genetically unique offspring.
    • Chromosomes definition: Structures made of DNA containing genetic material
    • Prokaryotic chromosome packaging: Circular DNA in cytoplasm
    • Eukaryotic chromosome packaging: Linear DNA packaged into chromosomes in the nucleus
    • Binary fission: Prokaryotic cell division with duplication of the chromosome and cell splitting in two
    • Mitosis: Eukaryotic cell division making two genetically identical daughter cells.
    • Cyclins: Proteins that regulate the cell cycle
    • Internal vs. external regulators: Internal: Responds to events occurring inside the cell, External: Responds to events outside a cell (signals from other cells)
    • Apoptosis: Programmed cell death, vital for development and preventing damage
    • Cancer/cell cycle: Uncontrolled cell growth and division due to mutations or other factors
    • Cancer treatments: Chemotherapy, radiation, surgery
    • Differentiation definition: Process where cells become specialized to perform specific functions.
    • Differentiation process: Cells develop specific characteristics and abilities, including morphological and biochemical properties
    • Stem cells: Undifferentiated cells with the potential to develop into various cell types.
    • Stem cell sources: Embryos, umbilical cord blood and adult tissues.
    • Stem cell abilities: Self-renewal, differentiation and ability to treat diseases.
    • Stem cell types: Totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent.
    • Stem cell research pros and cons: Pros: Medical treatments, research into disease; Cons: ethical and safety concerns for use of human embryonic stem cells.

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    Test your knowledge on essential biology concepts, including the properties of water, enzyme functions, the process of photosynthesis, and cellular respiration. This quiz covers key definitions and the relationships between macromolecules and their functions. Perfect for high school or introductory college biology courses.

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