Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of these options is responsible for gallbladder contraction?
Which of these options is responsible for gallbladder contraction?
- A significant amount of enzyme secretion by the intestinal mucosa
- Cholecystokinin (CCK), an intestinal hormone responsible for gallbladder contraction (correct)
- Secretions from the spleen that contain all enzymes necessary for complete digestion
- Bile salts that help emulsify carbohydrates
Which statement about absorption is correct?
Which statement about absorption is correct?
- Carbohydrates diffuse across the villus epithelium and are then actively transported into blood capillaries.
- Eighty percent of ingested materials have been absorbed by the end of the large intestine.
- Amino acid transport is linked to chloride transport.
- If intact proteins are transported across the villus epithelium, an immune response may be generated. (correct)
Which statement about electrolyte absorption is true?
Which statement about electrolyte absorption is true?
- Iron and calcium are absorbed mostly by the duodenum. (correct)
- Potassium moves across the epithelium by active transport.
- Chlorine ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid transport.
- If vitamin B is not present, calcium is not absorbed.
Which gland is active in digesting high-fat foods like french fries and ice cream?
Which gland is active in digesting high-fat foods like french fries and ice cream?
What occurs after ingesting a high-fat meal?
What occurs after ingesting a high-fat meal?
The mucosa of the developing alimentary tube comes from which germ layer?
The mucosa of the developing alimentary tube comes from which germ layer?
A baby with projectile vomiting may have which condition related to gastric juice loss?
A baby with projectile vomiting may have which condition related to gastric juice loss?
Which hormone inhibits gastric secretion?
Which hormone inhibits gastric secretion?
Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation?
Which of these is not part of the splanchnic circulation?
Which of the following is not a component of saliva?
Which of the following is not a component of saliva?
Which antibody-mediated response restricts pathogens in the large intestine?
Which antibody-mediated response restricts pathogens in the large intestine?
ASCITES is the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the ________.
ASCITES is the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the ________.
BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS is a pathological change in the epithelium of the lower esophagus from ________ to a metaplastic columnar epithelium.
BARRETT'S ESOPHAGUS is a pathological change in the epithelium of the lower esophagus from ________ to a metaplastic columnar epithelium.
What is bruxism?
What is bruxism?
What behavior is associated with bulimia?
What behavior is associated with bulimia?
What is dysphagia?
What is dysphagia?
What does endoscopy refer to?
What does endoscopy refer to?
What is enteritis?
What is enteritis?
What is hemochromatosis?
What is hemochromatosis?
What is ileus?
What is ileus?
What are wavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube called?
What are wavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube called?
What is the chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs called?
What is the chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs called?
What is the enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule known as?
What is the enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule known as?
What is the process by which the products of digestion pass through the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph?
What is the process by which the products of digestion pass through the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph?
The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________.
The mechanical and chemical receptors that control digestive activity are located ________.
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________.
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________.
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________.
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________.
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________.
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ________.
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.
Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier?
Which of the following is not a factor that helps create the stomach mucosal barrier?
What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing?
What part of the tooth bears the force of chewing?
The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________.
The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________.
Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile?
Which hormone causes an increased output of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and stimulates gallbladder contraction to release bile?
Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile.
Choose the incorrect statement regarding bile.
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplishes this task?
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplishes this task?
Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth.
Select the statement that is true concerning primary teeth.
Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?
Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?
Which of the following is not true of saliva?
Which of the following is not true of saliva?
The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells?
The salivary glands are composed of which two types of secretory cells?
The solutes contained in saliva include ________.
The solutes contained in saliva include ________.
In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________.
In addition to storage and mechanical breakdown of food, the stomach ________.
Chyme is created in the ________.
Chyme is created in the ________.
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach?
Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products?
Gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types synthesize and secrete these products?
There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________.
There are three phases of gastric secretion. The cephalic phase occurs ________.
Peristaltic waves are ________.
Peristaltic waves are ________.
Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________.
Gastrin is a digestive hormone that is responsible for the stimulation of acid secretions in the stomach. These secretions are stimulated by the presence of ________.
Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.
Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?
You have just eaten a meal high in complex carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________.
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________.
The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called ________.
The enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule is called ________.
Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?
Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?
Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________.
Parietal cells of the stomach produce ________.
Hepatocytes do not ________.
Hepatocytes do not ________.
Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion?
Which of the following is not a phase of gastric secretion?
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
Chief cells ________.
Chief cells ________.
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________.
Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________.
The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure.
The ________ contains lobules with sinusoids (lined with macrophages) that lead to a central venous structure.
If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________.
If an incision has to be made in the small intestine to remove an obstruction, the first layer of tissue to be cut is the ________.
The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the ________.
The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the ________.
The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for?
The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for?
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?
________ is locally regulated in the blood by the active form of vitamin D, which acts as a cofactor.
________ is locally regulated in the blood by the active form of vitamin D, which acts as a cofactor.
Important peritoneal folds do not include the ________.
Important peritoneal folds do not include the ________.
The lamina propria is composed of ________.
The lamina propria is composed of ________.
________ is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion.
________ is (are) not important as a stimulus in the gastric phase of gastric secretion.
Pancreatic amylase does not get to the small intestine via the ________.
Pancreatic amylase does not get to the small intestine via the ________.
The function of the goblet cells is to ________.
The function of the goblet cells is to ________.
Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?
Which of the following is an essential role played by large intestine bacteria?
Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________.
Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________.
Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds?
Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds?
Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?
Which of the following produce intrinsic factor?
Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins?
Which of the following enzymes is specific for proteins?
Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body?
Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body?
A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________.
A fluid secreted into the small intestine during digestion that contains cholesterol, emulsification agents, and phospholipids is ________.
The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the ________.
The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the ________.
Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________.
Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine? It ________.
What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs?
What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs?
How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villi?
How are most nutrients absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villi?
Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion.
Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion.
Paneth cells ________.
Paneth cells ________.
Select the correct statement about digestive processes.
Select the correct statement about digestive processes.
Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________.
Chemical digestion in the small intestine involves ________.
Flashcards
Absorption
Absorption
The process of nutrients passing from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph.
Digestive System Receptors
Digestive System Receptors
Mechanical and chemical receptors controlling digestion are located in the walls of the tract organs.
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Hepatic portal circulation collects absorbed nutrients for processing or storage.
Digestion Breakdown
Digestion Breakdown
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Chemical Digestion
Chemical Digestion
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Peristalsis
Peristalsis
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Alimentary Canal Layers
Alimentary Canal Layers
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Mesenteries
Mesenteries
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Stomach Functions
Stomach Functions
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Gastric Secretions
Gastric Secretions
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Enzymes and Substrates
Enzymes and Substrates
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Trypsin's Role
Trypsin's Role
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CCK's Function
CCK's Function
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Gastrin's Role
Gastrin's Role
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Saliva Composition
Saliva Composition
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Goblet Cells and Mucus
Goblet Cells and Mucus
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Small Intestine Absorption
Small Intestine Absorption
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Nutrient Absorption Mechanism
Nutrient Absorption Mechanism
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Large Intestine Function
Large Intestine Function
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Calcium Absorption
Calcium Absorption
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Dental Formula
Dental Formula
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Antibacterial Enzymes
Antibacterial Enzymes
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Bile's Role
Bile's Role
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Submucosa Layer
Submucosa Layer
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Liver Damage and Lipid Digestion
Liver Damage and Lipid Digestion
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Surgical Intervention in the Intestine
Surgical Intervention in the Intestine
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Enterogastric Reflex
Enterogastric Reflex
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Intestinal Immune Response
Intestinal Immune Response
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Electrolyte Absorption
Electrolyte Absorption
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Pancreas and Fat Digestion
Pancreas and Fat Digestion
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Alimentary Tube Development
Alimentary Tube Development
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Pyloric Stenosis
Pyloric Stenosis
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Alkalosis in Infants
Alkalosis in Infants
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Secretin's Function
Secretin's Function
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Splanchnic Circulation
Splanchnic Circulation
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Saliva Components
Saliva Components
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IgA in the Intestine
IgA in the Intestine
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Ascites
Ascites
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Causes of Ascites
Causes of Ascites
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Barrett's Esophagus
Barrett's Esophagus
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Barrett's Esophagus Risk
Barrett's Esophagus Risk
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Bruxism
Bruxism
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Bulimia
Bulimia
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Dysphagia
Dysphagia
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Endoscopy
Endoscopy
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Enteritis
Enteritis
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Hemochromatosis
Hemochromatosis
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Ileus
Ileus
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
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Crohn's Disease & Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn's Disease & Ulcerative Colitis
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Laparoscopy
Laparoscopy
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Orthodontics
Orthodontics
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Pancreatitis
Pancreatitis
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Peptic Ulcers
Peptic Ulcers
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Proctology
Proctology
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Pyloric Stenosis
Pyloric Stenosis
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Vagotomy
Vagotomy
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Xerostomia
Xerostomia
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Peristalsis
Peristalsis
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Digestion
Digestion
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Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
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Study Notes
Digestive System Overview
- Absorption is the process of nutrients passing from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph.
- Mechanical and chemical receptors controlling digestion are located in the walls of the tract organs.
Circulation and Digestion
- Hepatic portal circulation collects absorbed nutrients for processing or storage.
- Digestion includes both chemical and mechanical breakdown of food.
Digestive Processes
- Large molecules like lipids and proteins undergo catabolic reactions known as chemical digestion.
- Peristaltic waves are muscular contractions propelling contents through the gastrointestinal tract.
Structure of the Alimentary Canal
- The alimentary canal's walls consist of four basic layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
- Mesenteries are sheets of peritoneal membrane that support digestive tract organs.
Stomach and Gastric Secretion
- The stomach initiates protein digestion and denatures proteins.
- Hydrochloric acid is secreted by parietal cells; intrinsic factor is vital for B12 absorption.
Enzymatic Actions
- Amylase digests carbohydrates; lipase functions on lipids.
- Trypsin is a specific enzyme for protein digestion.
Hormones and Enzymes
- Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates enzyme-rich pancreatic juice and gallbladder contraction to release bile.
- Gastrin enhances acid secretion in response to protein presence.
Salivary Glands and Saliva Functions
- Salivary glands include serous and mucous cells; saliva contains enzymes, electrolytes, and IgA but does not digest proteins.
- Goblet cells in the digestive tract produce mucus that protects against enzymatic digestion.
Nutrient Absorption
- The small intestine has increased absorptive effectiveness due to plicae circulares and intestinal villi.
- Active transport is the primary mechanism for nutrient absorption across the intestinal mucosa.
Intestinal Functions
- The large intestine houses bacteria essential for synthesizing vitamins K and B-complex.
- Calcium absorption is co-regulated by vitamin D and primarily occurs in the duodenum.
Dental Anatomy and Salivary Function
- The adult dental formula includes 32 teeth; canines are represented by the '1' in the formula.
- Certain cells in the digestive system, including Paneth cells, secrete antibacterial enzymes.
Important Digestive Components
- Bile emulsifies fats and contains bile salts, cholesterol, and phospholipids; it does not contain digestive enzymes.
- The submucosa layer of the digestive tube contains blood vessels and lymphatics.
Clinical Insight
- Damage to the liver greatly affects lipid digestion due to compromised bile production.
- Surgical interventions in the intestine would first cut through the serosa layer.
Digestive Reflexes and Nutrient Processing
- Chyme's arrival in the duodenum decreases gastric motility via the enterogastric reflex.
- If proteins pass intact across the villus epithelium, it may trigger an immune response.
Electrolyte and Nutrient Dynamics
- Iron and calcium absorption predominantly occur in the duodenum; potassium transport involves active mechanisms.
- The pancreas is essential for digesting high-fat meals by releasing bile for emulsification.
These notes cover the critical concepts and details concerning the components and functions of the digestive system.### Alimentary Tube Development
- The mucosa of the developing alimentary tube originates from the endoderm.
Projectile Vomiting in Infants
- Infants displaying projectile vomiting may suffer from pyloric stenosis, where the pyloric sphincter is thickened and does not open properly.
- Loss of gastric juice in these infants can lead to alkalosis.
Hormonal Regulation
- Secretin inhibits gastric secretion, playing a crucial regulatory role in digestive processes.
Splanchnic Circulation
- The inferior vena cava is not part of the splanchnic circulation, unlike the hepatic portal vein, superior mesenteric artery, and celiac artery.
Components of Saliva
- Saliva contains lysozyme and defensins but does not include nitric oxide or a cyanide compound.
Immunity in the Intestine
- The IgA antibody-mediated immune response helps prevent pathogens in the large intestine from penetrating the mucosa.
Ascites
- Ascites is characterized by abnormal fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity, leading to abdominal bloating.
- It can result from conditions like portal hypertension, liver cirrhosis, or heart/kidney diseases.
Barrett's Esophagus
- Barrett's Esophagus involves a pathological change from stratified squamous to metaplastic columnar epithelium in the lower esophagus.
- This condition is associated with chronic gastroesophageal reflux and increases the risk for adenocarcinoma.
Bruxism
- Bruxism refers to teeth grinding or clenching during sleep, often due to stress, potentially leading to dental damage.
Bulimia
- Bulimia is characterized by binge-purge behavior, stemming from a fear of weight gain, and can lead to severe health issues.
Dysphagia
- Dysphagia is identified as difficulty swallowing, which may be due to obstruction or trauma to the esophagus.
Endoscopy
- Endoscopy involves the visual examination of the body's interior, used in procedures such as colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy.
Enteritis
- Enteritis is inflammation of the intestines, particularly the small intestine.
Hemochromatosis
- Hemochromatosis is an iron metabolism disorder causing excess iron deposition in tissues, contributing to skin pigmentation changes and increased cancer risk.
Ileus
- Ileus refers to the cessation of GI tract movement, resulting in a paralyzed gut, often due to electrolyte imbalances or drug effects.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
- IBD encompasses recurring inflammation of the intestinal wall, manifesting as symptoms like cramping and diarrhea.
- Crohn's disease is more severe, affecting the entire intestinal tract, while ulcerative colitis mainly impacts the large intestine.
Laparoscopy
- Laparoscopy allows for examination of the peritoneal cavity via an endoscope, often assessing digestive and reproductive organs.
Orthodontics
- Orthodontics is a dental specialty dedicated to the prevention and correction of tooth misalignment.
Pancreatitis
- Pancreatitis is serious inflammation of the pancreas, usually due to high blood fat levels, alcohol use, or bile duct obstructions.
Peptic Ulcers
- Peptic ulcers refer to both gastric and duodenal ulcers.
Proctology
- Proctology is the study and treatment of diseases affecting the colon, rectum, and anus.
Pyloric Stenosis
- Pyloric stenosis is the narrowing of the pyloric sphincter, typically identified when infants start solid foods, causing projectile vomiting.
Vagotomy
- Vagotomy is a surgical procedure to cut the vagus nerve, aimed at reducing gastric juice secretion in unresponsive peptic ulcer cases.
Xerostomia
- Xerostomia refers to extreme dryness of the mouth, potentially caused by blockages or autoimmune conditions affecting salivary glands.
Peristalsis
- Peristalsis involves wavelike smooth muscle contractions that transport food through the alimentary canal.
Digestion Processes
- Digestion refers to the breakdown of food into absorbable substances.
- Hydrolysis is the enzymatic breakdown of food molecules.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the digestive system with these flashcards from Chapter 23. Each card provides essential terms and definitions that will help reinforce your understanding of digestion and nutrient absorption. Ideal for students looking to review key concepts in biology.
