Biology Chapter 2: Sampling and Scientific Methods
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Questions and Answers

What defines a solution with a pH less than 7?

  • It is considered basic
  • It is considered neutral
  • It is considered alkaline
  • It is considered acidic (correct)

    • How does the concentration of H+ ions affect the pH of a solution?

  • More H+ ions have no impact on pH
  • More H+ ions make the solution more alkaline
  • More H+ ions make the solution more basic
  • More H+ ions make the solution more acidic (correct)

    • Which type of molecule is made up of monomers called monosaccharides?

  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
  • Carbohydrates (correct)

    • What are the characteristics of glycogen?

    <p>Found primarily in animal liver and muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a saturated fat from an unsaturated fat in terms of structure?

    <p>Unsaturated fats contain one or more double bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the phospholipid bilayer in cell membranes?

    <p>To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes natural science from pseudoscience?

    <p>Natural science relies on the scientific method, while pseudoscience does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a property of fatty acids that contributes to cell membrane structure?

    <p>Fatty acids have a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food sources are typically high in saturated fats?

    <p>Coconut oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following particles carries a negative charge?

    <p>Electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to an atom that loses electrons?

    <p>It becomes positively charged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an element?

    <p>A basic substance that cannot be chemically decomposed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical bond is formed when electrons are shared between atoms?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of a neutron?

    <p>Neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a molecule that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts?

    <p>Amphipathic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of pseudoscience?

    <p>Astrology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the type of amino acid in an amino acid structure?

    <p>R group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bond is formed between amino acids in a polypeptide?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary function of nucleic acids?

    <p>Store genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is NOT a component of the cell theory?

    <p>All cells are identical in structure and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the monomers of proteins called?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which macromolecule plays a crucial role in directing protein production?

    <p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes phospholipids compared to triglycerides?

    <p>Phospholipids have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of an amino acid?

    <p>Peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for energy production in aerobic respiration?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the Golgi apparatus perform in the cell?

    <p>Finishing, sorting, and distributing proteins and lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes membrane-bound organelles from non-membrane-bound structures?

    <p>They are enclosed within their own lipid bilayer membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organelles is NOT part of the endomembrane system?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cilia and flagella play in cellular movement?

    <p>They enable movement by using ATP-driven motor proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of enzymes in metabolic pathways?

    <p>To build, remodel, or break down organic molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT typically affect enzyme activity?

    <p>Light exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes active transport from passive transport?

    <p>Active transport requires energy, while passive transport does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of passive transport does water move across a semi-permeable membrane?

    <p>Osmosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a stronger concentration gradient affect passive transport?

    <p>It provides a greater driving force, accelerating transport rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion?

    <p>Facilitated diffusion involves specialized transport proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a cell when it is placed in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>Solutes move outside, causing the cell to lose water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a unit of solute concentration in solutions?

    <p>Net weight (NW)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sampling and Scientific Approach

    • Results from subsets may not represent the whole population, leading to inaccuracies.
    • Random sampling and larger sample sizes enhance reliability and accuracy of scientific findings.
    • Pseudoscience lacks empirical support and often cannot be tested through scientific methods.

    Natural Science vs Pseudoscience

    • Natural Science: Based on observation, experimentation, and the scientific method (e.g. Biology, Chemistry).
    • Pseudoscience: Lacks adherence to scientific methods; examples include astrology and conspiracy theories like vaccines causing autism.

    Key Terms in Biology (Chapter 2)

    • Acid: Substance that can donate protons in a solution.
    • ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): Key energy carrier in cells.
    • Carbohydrates: Composed of monosaccharides (e.g., glucose); provide energy and structural support.
    • Lipids: Diverse group including triglycerides; key in cell membranes (phospholipid bilayer).
    • Proteins: Made of amino acids; function through their structure.
    • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA, crucial for genetic information storage and transmission.

    Subatomic Particles and Their Charges

    • Protons: Positively charged particles in the nucleus.
    • Neutrons: Neutral particles in the nucleus.
    • Electrons: Negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus.
    • A neutral atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons; positive charge indicates a loss of electrons, negative charge indicates a gain.

    Chemical Bonds

    • Chemical bonds connect atoms to form molecules, primarily including ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds.
    • Buffers help maintain pH balance by absorbing excess H+ or OH- ions.

    pH and Its Importance

    • pH Scale: Ranges from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), with 7 being neutral.
    • Acidic solutions have high H+ concentrations, while basic solutions have more hydroxide ions.

    Organic Molecules

    • Carbohydrates: Structural and energy roles; polysaccharides include glycogen (energy storage) and cellulose (structure in plants).
    • Lipids: Composed of fatty acids; saturated fats have no double bonds while unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds.
    • Proteins: Function through specific amino acid sequences; enzymes speed up biochemical reactions.
    • Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides form the building blocks; essential for storing and processing genetic information.

    Cell Theory

    • All organisms consist of one or more cells, which are the basic units of life.
    • Cells arise from pre-existing cells and pass hereditary material to offspring.

    Cellular Structures and Functions

    • Nucleus: Stores genetic information; site of DNA replication.
    • Mitochondria: Produces ATP via aerobic respiration.
    • Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis; can be free-floating or attached to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER synthesizes proteins; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances.
    • Lysosomes: Digestive organelles that break down waste material.

    Transport Mechanisms

    • Passive Transport: No energy required; moves molecules down their concentration gradient (e.g., diffusion, osmosis).
    • Active Transport: Requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient.

    Solutions and Concentrations

    • Hypertonic Solution: Higher solute concentration outside the cell; causes water to exit cells leading to shrinkage.
    • Hypotonic Solution: Lower solute concentration outside the cell; causes water to enter cells, potentially leading to swelling or rupture.

    Enzyme Functionality

    • Enzymes catalyze biochemical reactions, affected by temperature, pH, and ion concentrations.
    • Proper enzyme function is essential for maintaining metabolic pathways.

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    Description

    Explore the foundational concepts of biology as discussed in Chapter 2, focusing on sampling techniques and distinguishing natural science from pseudoscience. This quiz will assess your understanding of key biological terms and the importance of scientific approaches in research.

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