Biology Chapter 2 Quiz

A substance composed of only one type of atom.

Two or more different elements chemically combined.

A measure of an atom's ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond.

A bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms.

A bond formed by the transfer of electrons, creating oppositely charged ions.

The three-dimensional shape of a molecule, which plays a significant role in its properties and interactions with other molecules.

Molecules with the same chemical formula but different arrangements of atoms, resulting in different properties.

A type of molecule that acts as a gatekeeper, selectively allowing certain substances to pass through the cell membrane.

A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-OH).

A chemical group composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and bonded to a hydroxyl group (-COOH).

A chemical group containing a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, with one oxygen having a double bond (-PO4).

A chemical reaction that joins two molecules together by releasing a water molecule.

A chemical reaction that breaks a molecule apart by adding a water molecule.

The basic building block of carbohydrates, a simple sugar molecule.

Long chains of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions.

A type of lipid that serves as a long-term energy storage molecule, often found in animal cells.

A type of lipid that forms the structural backbone of cell membranes.

A steroid molecule that plays a vital role in maintaining membrane fluidity and serves as a precursor for hormones.

Building blocks of proteins, with a unique structure and chemical properties.

Long chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, forming the basic structure of proteins.

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated by nuclear pores, continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.

A network of flattened sacs and small tubes created by a single continuous membrane, with a fluid-filled space called lumen. Continuous with the nuclear envelope.

The jelly-like, aqueous solution inside the cell where organelles are suspended.

Two subunits made of ribosomal RNA and proteins. Can be free in the cytosol or bound to the ER.

Stacks of flattened membranous sacs that modify and ship proteins, synthesize carbohydrates.

Membranous sacs of enzymes, responsible for recycling and breaking down larger molecules or organelles.

A large, membrane-bound vesicle that stores water, nutrients, and waste products.

Double-membraned organelles responsible for producing ATP (cellular energy) through cellular respiratio

Double-membraned organelles found only in plant cells. They contain chloroplasts, which capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy (sugar production).

A rigid, outer layer of plant cells, mainly composed of cellulose, providing structural support.

A complex network of proteins and carbohydrates that provides structural support for animal cells.

A network of protein fibers that provides structural support, regulation, and movement within the cell.

Specialized connections between cells that allow for communication and structural integrity.

A group of organelles that work together in the synthesis and processing of cellular components.

The process by which proteins are made and transported throughout the cell.

The hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer acts as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell, allowing only certain molecules to pass through.

Proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer have various roles, including enzymatic reactions, communication, cell attachment, transport, cell connection, and identification.

Cholesterol, a lipid molecule, inserts itself between phospholipids, regulating their movement and preventing gaps.

The ability of a membrane to allow certain molecules to pass through while blocking others. Think of a sieve that permits only particles smaller than its holes.

Movement of molecules across a membrane without requiring energy from the cell. It follows the concentration gradient, moving from high concentration to low concentration.

Movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration, requiring energy from the cell. It goes against the concentration gradient.

A type of passive transport that utilizes proteins to facilitate the movement of molecules across a membrane. Think of a train carrying passengers.

The direct movement of molecules across a membrane without the aid of proteins. Think of a ball rolling through an open doorway.

The process by which molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration. Imagine a drop of ink spreading out in water.

The breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm to produce pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, and generates ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

The process of oxidative phosphorylation occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondria and produces ATP using the energy from electrons carried by NADH and FADH2.

The process by which a cell engulfs material from outside its membrane using vesicles or vacuoles. Imagine a cell eating a food particle.

The process by which a cell releases material from its interior to the outside using vesicles. Imagine a cell spitting out waste.

A specific type of endocytosis that involves the engulfment of large particles, such as bacteria or cellular debris. Imagine a cell consuming a bacterium.

A specific type of endocytosis that involves the engulfment of small molecules or fluids. Imagine a cell drinking a drop of liquid.

The process by which cells communicate with each other using chemical signals.

A molecule that binds to a receptor, triggering a cellular response.

A protein that receives a signal from a ligand, initiating a cellular response.

A change in the shape of a protein, often triggered by ligand binding, that can activate or deactivate its function.

The process by which a cell converts an external signal into a cellular response.

The amplification of a signal within a cell, resulting in a larger response.

A series of biochemical events in which one reaction triggers another, creating a chain reaction.

A specific type of signaling cascade where each step adds a phosphate group to a protein.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from ATP to other molecules.

A small molecule that relays and amplifies a signal from a receptor-ligand complex.

The chemical reactions involved in the breakdown of food molecules to produce energy.

The process by which plants and some bacteria use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

The process by which plants and some bacteria use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

The cycle of chemical reactions that converts carbon dioxide into glucose using ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions.

A protein that acts as a catalyst to accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for the reaction to proceed.

The process of breaking down pyruvate, a product of glycolysis, into acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells and the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.

A two-carbon molecule that enters the citric acid cycle.

A series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to oxygen, creating a proton gradient. The energy released is used to pump protons across the membrane.

The process that drives the production of ATP by harnessing the energy stored in the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Protons flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase, causing the rotation of its rotor and the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

The enzyme responsible for ATP synthesis during chemiosmosis. It uses the energy of the proton gradient to drive the phosphorylation (addition of a phosphate group) of ADP to produce ATP.

The process that converts light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH, which are then used in the Calvin cycle to produce sugars. It occurs within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

A large protein complex in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts that absorbs light energy and uses it to energize electrons. There are two types: Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII).

A series of electron carriers embedded in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts that transport electrons energized by light photons from Photosystem II to Photosystem I, contributing to the production of ATP and NADPH.

The molecule that captures and stores energy from light in the light reactions of photosynthesis. It accepts electrons from Photosystem I and is then reduced to NADPH, carrying the energy to the Calvin cycle.

The process of water splitting that occurs in the light reactions of photosynthesis. Water is split to replace electrons lost by Photosystem II, releasing oxygen, protons, and electrons.

The total energy produced by the complete oxidation of glucose. It includes the energy stored in ATP and NADH molecules generated during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle, as well as additional ATP produced in the electron transport chain.

The process of harnessing the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane to produce ATP during the light reactions of photosynthesis. Protons flow back through ATP synthase, driving the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP.

The final outcome of a signaling pathway, resulting in changes in the cell's behavior, often involving a change in gene expression, cellular metabolism, growth, or death.

Turning off signaling pathways to prevent excessive or prolonged responses.

Lipid-soluble molecules, like steroids and thyroid hormones, that can pass through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors.

Water-soluble molecules, like peptides and amines, that cannot pass through the cell membrane and bind to receptors on the cell surface.

Receptors located within the cell, typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus, which bind to lipid-soluble ligands.

Receptors embedded in the cell membrane, which bind to water-soluble ligands.

A hormone secreted by the pancreas, responsible for regulating blood glucose levels.

A hormone secreted by the pancreas, responsible for raising blood glucose levels.

The process of producing sperm cells.

The law of independent assortment states that alleles for different traits separate independently of each other during gamete formation. This means that the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another trait. For example, the inheritance of eye color is independent of the inheritance of hair color.

The law of segregation states that during gamete formation, the two alleles for a trait separate so that each gamete receives only one allele. This means that each parent contributes one allele for each trait to their offspring. For example, a parent with two alleles for eye color, one brown and one blue, will pass on either the brown or the blue allele to their offspring.

Linked genes are genes that are located on the same chromosome and are therefore likely to be inherited together. The closer two genes are on a chromosome, the less likely they are to be separated by crossing over during meiosis.

The centromere is a constricted region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are attached.

The p arm is the shorter arm of a chromosome, located above the centromere. The q arm is the longer arm of a chromosome, located below the centromere.

A locus (plural: loci) is the specific location of a gene on a chromosome. It refers to the position of a gene within a chromosome, and it is described using a combination of the chromosome number, arm (p or q), region, band, and sub-band. For example, the locus of the gene for cystic fibrosis is 7q31.2, indicating it is on chromosome 7, on the q arm, in region 3, band 1, and sub-band 2.

Aneuploidy is a condition in which an individual has an abnormal number of chromosomes. This can be caused by nondisjunction, which is the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis.

Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate during meiosis. This can lead to gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes, which can result in offspring with aneuploidy.

The process of an egg being released from the ovary, triggered by a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH).

The union of a sperm cell and an egg cell, which initiates the development of a new individual.

The female reproductive organ where eggs are produced and hormones like estrogen and progesterone are secreted.

The tube that transports the egg from the ovary to the uterus. Fertilization typically occurs within the oviduct.

The pear-shaped organ in the female reproductive system that houses and nourishes a developing fetus during pregnancy.

The inner lining of the uterus that thickens to provide a suitable environment for implantation of a fertilized egg. It sheds if pregnancy does not occur (menstruation).

The opening from the uterus into the vagina. It plays a key role during childbirth and allows for menstrual flow.

The muscular canal that acts as the birth canal, allows for menstrual flow, and serves as the entrance for sperm during reproduction.

The male reproductive organ where sperm and testosterone are produced.

The pouch of skin that holds and protects the testes while regulating their temperature for optimal sperm production.

A coiled tube located on top of the testes where sperm matures after production.

The tube that transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

A pair of glands that secrete fluid rich in sugars to nourish sperm, contributing to the formation of semen.

A gland that adds an alkaline fluid to semen, enhancing sperm mobility.

A small gland that secretes a pre-ejaculate fluid that lubricates and neutralizes urethra acidity.

The process of the blastocyst attaching to the endometrium, starting the development of the placenta.

A temporary organ that forms during pregnancy, connecting the fetus to the uterine wall.

The hormone produced by the blastocyst after implantation, signaling the corpus luteum to continue producing progesterone.

A hormone essential for maintaining the endometrium, initially produced by the corpus luteum, later taken over by the placenta.

The stage of development before 8 weeks, during which the basic body structures are formed.

The process of cells dying in a controlled manner, essential for shaping the developing body.

The process of giving birth, involving uterine contractions, cervical dilation, and expulsion of the baby.

A hormone that plays a vital role in labor and delivery, stimulating uterine contractions and milk production.

Hormones that help dilate the cervix and cause uterine contractions.

The actual birth process, when the baby is pushed out of the birth canal.

The delivery of the placenta after the baby is born.

A discrete unit of hereditary information, a sequence of DNA that encodes a particular trait.

Variants of genes, different sequences of DNA that encode a particular trait.