Biology Chapter 2 Quiz

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

• Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not.
• Eukaryotic cells are significantly larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.

Cellular Respiration

• Cellular respiration converts sugar and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy for life processes.
• This process occurs in both plant and animal cells, specifically within the mitochondria.

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

• WBCs are crucial for fighting pathogens.
• Without WBCs, the body's ability to fight off infections is severely weakened, potentially leading to death within the first few months of life.
• WBCs are part of the body's first, second, and third lines of defense.
• The first line of defense are the skin and internal lining.
• The second line of defense includes the white blood cells (WBCs) that surround and attack pathogens, and inflammation.
• The third line of defense includes specialized WBCs (B cells) that memorize pathogens to prepare for future attacks.
• Memory cells help to attack pathogens for the second time, preventing sickness from getting worse.

Virus Life Cycle

• A virus attaches to a host cell.
• The virus's genetic material enters the host cell.
• The host cell is tricked into producing more viral genetic material and proteins.
• New viruses are assembled inside the host cell.
• The host cell bursts, releasing new viruses.

Scientific Method

• Ask a question.
• Conduct background research.
• Form a hypothesis.
• Design and conduct an experiment.
• Evaluate the experiment's method (e.g., check if it’s working).
• Collect, analyze data.
• Draw a conclusion.
• Repeat (e.g., to eliminate errors).

Independent Variable

• The independent variable is the factor changed in an experiment, independent of other factors.

Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis is a process in plant cells where sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide are converted into sugar and oxygen.
• Plants use the sugar for energy; the oxygen is released.

Modifying Variables in Experiments

• For a successful experiment, only one variable should be changed at a time.

Specific vs. Non-Specific Defenses

• First and second lines of defense are non-specific, defending against all pathogens.
• The third line of defense is specific, targeting particular pathogens that have evaded other defenses.

Pandemic vs. Epidemic

• An epidemic affects a specific geographic area.
• A pandemic is a global epidemic, spreading worldwide.

Transmission Methods

• Direct contact (e.g., shaking hands)
• Indirect contact (e.g., coughing without covering)
• Food and water (e.g., contaminated food)
• Animal bites (e.g., rabies)

Vaccine Types

• Live attenuated
• Inactivated
• Subunit
• Toxoid

Lines of Defense

• First line: Skin and linings (e.g., respiratory and digestive tracts).
• Second line: Non-specialized WBCs, inflammation.
• Third line: Specialized WBCs, develops immunity over time.

Booster Shots

• Booster shots are required for some toxoid vaccines because their protection is not as long-lasting as live attenuated vaccines.

Immunity

• Immunity is the body's ability to remember pathogens and destroy them quickly upon re-exposure.

Pathogen Benefits/Disadvantages

• Pathogen exposure can result in acquired immunity.
• Pathogens can cause sickness and disease.

Herd Immunity Beneficiaries

• All groups (elderly, young children, those with underlying conditions) benefit from herd immunity.

Flu Shots

• Annual flu shots are needed because the flu virus frequently mutates.

Photosynthesis/Respiration Relationship

• Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are part of a continuous cycle.

Herd Immunity Explanation

• Herd immunity occurs when a sizable portion of a community is vaccinated, limiting opportunities for spread to the unvaccinated.
• This protects vulnerable populations (elderly, children, immunocompromised).

Adult vs. Child Immunity

• Adults have more immunity than children because they've been exposed to more pathogens in their lifetime.

Vaccines Requiring Boosters

• Inactive, toxoid, and subunit vaccines often require booster shots.

Superbugs

• Superbugs are antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
• Bacteria become superbugs due to overuse of antibiotics, causing them to mutate.

Basic Unit of Life

• Cells

Antibiotics

• Antibiotics interfere with bacterial life processes.

Plant Oxygen Release

• Plants release oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis.

Cell Theory

• All living things are composed of cells.
• New cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
• Cells are the fundamental unit of life.

Living Things Characteristics

• Made of one or more cells.
• Take in nutrients and energy.
• Respond to stimuli.
• Grow.
• Reproduce.
• Produce waste.

Rough vs. Smooth ER

• Rough ER has ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis.
• Smooth ER lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis.

Memory WBCs

• Specialized WBCs that recognize previously encountered pathogens.

Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration Relationship (Revised)

• Photosynthesis uses sunlight, water, and CO2 to produce sugar and oxygen.
• Cellular respiration uses the sugar and oxygen to produce energy, releasing CO2 and water. These products are then recycled in photosynthesis, creating a continuous cycle.

Lines of Defense (Expanded)

• First Line: Physical barriers (skin, respiratory and digestive tract linings). -Skin: Physical barrier, sweat & natural acid kill pathogens, waterproof for easy removal. -Linings: Hair and mucus trap pathogens, coughing/sneezing/swallowing remove pathogens. -Digestive: Acids kill many pathogens; vomiting removes pathogens.
• Second Line: Non-specific responses (WBCs, inflammation).
  • WBCs surround and consume pathogens, release chemicals to signal others and fight.
  • Inflammation: Redness and swelling to allow WBCs access.
• Third Line: Specific responses (specialized WBCs, memory cells, acquired immunity). -Specialized cells recognize and remember specific pathogens for faster and more efficient response in the future.

Herd Immunity (Revised)

• A high vaccination rate in a community reduces the ability of an infectious agent to spread, providing protection for those who cannot be vaccinated. This protects vulnerable groups (children, elderly, immunocompromised).

Epidemic/Pandemic

• Epidemic: A rapid increase in disease cases in a specific geographic area.
• Pandemic: An epidemic that has spread across multiple countries or continents.

Transmission Types (Revised)

Graph Components

• Title, independent variable (x-axis), dependent variable (y-axis).

Control Group

• The control group displays the expected/typical result without the independent variable.

Constant Variable

• A constant variable remains unchanged throughout the experimental process.

Types of Vaccines (Examples)

Calculating Magnification

• Eyepiece magnification x Objective magnification

Response to Pathogens (WBCs)

• Consume pathogens, release chemicals to attract other WBCs and signal other responses to kill pathogens.

Acquired Immunity

• Acquired over time through exposure or vaccination, which facilitates memory cells to quickly fight pathogens.

Microbes

• Small organisms visible only with a microscope. Can positively impact health through essential processes for digestion/food production. However, can also cause food spoilage, various diseases, and bacterial infections.

Scientific Method Steps (Expanded)

1. Ask a Question
2. Background Research
3. Hypothesis: Educated prediction
4. Experimentation
5. Procedure Check: Is the method working?
6. Data Collection & Analysis: Record results, organize, draw conclusions from data.
7. Conclusion: Summarizing results, considering whether data supports hypothesis.
8. Communicate Results: Share findings with others through presentations/publications.

Microorganisms Characteristics

• Only visible under a microscope.

Independent vs. Dependent Variables

• Independent Variable: The factor changed in an experiment.
• Dependent Variable: The factor affected by the independent variable.

Mitochondria

• The "powerhouse" of the cell, responsible for energy production.

Viruses: Non-living

• Viruses are not classified as living organisms due to their lack of cellular structure.

Plant Oxygen Release

• Oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis, where plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce food and oxygen.

Superbugs

• Antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Eukaryotic

• Meaning: Having a true/proper nucleus.

Inactivated Vaccines: Pathogen Killing

• Killed with radiation, heat, or chemicals.

Antibodies

• Y-shaped proteins that bind to antigens, marking pathogens for destruction.

Immune System First Line

• Skin and internal linings.

Child vs. Adult Illness

• Children get sick more often because their immune systems are not fully developed. (developing/learning).

Red Tide

• Excessive phytoplankton reproduction leads to colored water and potential shellfish/human toxicity.

Positive Bacteria Examples

• Bacteria in saliva/digestive system, those supporting food production and/or used in vaccines or some medicines.

Test your knowledge on key biological concepts including prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells, cellular respiration, and the scientific method. This quiz covers important topics that are foundational to understanding biology. Challenge your grasp of these essential concepts and processes!