Biology Chapter 2 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What distinguishes a prokaryotic cell from a eukaryotic cell?

  • Prokaryotic cells do not undergo cellular respiration.
  • Eukaryotic cells are generally smaller.
  • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. (correct)
  • Prokaryotic cells have a nucleus.

    • What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?

  • To store energy as fat.
  • To convert sugars into proteins.
  • To produce carbon dioxide and water.
  • To generate energy for the cell. (correct)

    • Which line of defense do white blood cells represent in the immune system?

  • The fourth line of defense.
  • Only the first line of defense.
  • Only the third line of defense.
  • Both the second and third lines of defense. (correct)

    • What is the correct order of the steps in the scientific method?

    <p>Ask a question, Form a hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the independent variable in an experiment?

    <p>It is the factor being changed by the experimenter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes photosynthesis?

    <p>It transforms sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into sugar and oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many independent variables should be changed during a scientific experiment?

    <p>One at a time for clear results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the life cycle of a virus?

    <p>The virus attaches to a specific host cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic?

    <p>An epidemic is a sudden increase in disease cases within a specific area, while a pandemic spreads across multiple countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which represents an example of indirect contact transmission?

    <p>Not covering your cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Assembly of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do microbes negatively impact human health?

    <p>By causing food to spoil and diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the scientific method, what step follows 'Hypothesis'?

    <p>Experimentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does WHMIS stand for?

    <p>Workplace Hazardous Material Information System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a function of the cell membrane?

    <p>Producing energy for the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symbol indicates a poisonous substance?

    <p>Skull and crossbones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are unique to plant cells?

    <p>Cell walls and chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of the immune response involves white blood cells surrounding and killing pathogens?

    <p>Second line of defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>They contain membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the life cycle of a virus after it enters a host cell?

    <p>The host cell produces viral hereditary material and proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an endemic from an outbreak?

    <p>An endemic is consistently present in a location, while an outbreak is geographically restricted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the third line of defense in the immune system?

    <p>It involves specialized white blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates a pandemic from an epidemic?

    <p>Epidemics are localized outbreaks of disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccines typically require booster shots?

    <p>Inactive vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group stands to benefit the most from herd immunity?

    <p>Elderly people and children with health conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of white blood cells in the second line of defense?

    <p>To consume and destroy pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do memory white blood cells play in the immune system?

    <p>They remember pathogens for quicker response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements correctly describes herd immunity?

    <p>Vaccination prevents disease spread among non-vaccinated individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes antibiotics?

    <p>They interfere with bacterial life processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key characteristics of living things?

    <p>Requirement of energy for life processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to take flu shots annually?

    <p>Flu strains mutate rapidly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between rough ER and smooth ER?

    <p>Rough ER has ribosomes, while smooth ER lacks them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to bacteria that grow mutations due to overconsumption of antibiotics?

    <p>They become superbugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic unit of life?

    <p>Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathways illustrates the connection between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

    <p>Photosynthesis stores energy, while respiration releases it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a control group do in an experiment?

    <p>It provides a baseline for comparison.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccines is classified as a 'Live Attenuated' vaccine?

    <p>Measles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the first line of defense in the immune system operate?

    <p>By trapping and blocking pathogens with physical barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes superbugs?

    <p>They are immune to certain antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for needing an annual flu vaccination?

    <p>The flu virus mutates and changes every year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'eukaryotic' refer to?

    <p>Cells with a defined nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT used to kill pathogens in inactivated vaccines?

    <p>Cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of a scientific method involves analyzing gathered data?

    <p>Analyzing data and drawing conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do white blood cells respond to pathogens that breach the first line of defense?

    <p>By consuming and surrounding the pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of vaccine is the hepatitis A vaccine?

    <p>Inactivated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during red tide?

    <p>Phytoplankton increase and release a red chemical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of antibiotics?

    <p>To treat bacterial infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is commonly referred to as the 'powerhouse' of the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes why viruses are not considered alive?

    <p>They do not have cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

    • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus; prokaryotic cells do not.
    • Eukaryotic cells are significantly larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.

    Cellular Respiration

    • Cellular respiration converts sugar and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy for life processes.
    • This process occurs in both plant and animal cells, specifically within the mitochondria.

    White Blood Cells (WBCs)

    • WBCs are crucial for fighting pathogens.
    • Without WBCs, the body's ability to fight off infections is severely weakened, potentially leading to death within the first few months of life.
    • WBCs are part of the body's first, second, and third lines of defense.
    • The first line of defense are the skin and internal lining.
    • The second line of defense includes the white blood cells (WBCs) that surround and attack pathogens, and inflammation.
    • The third line of defense includes specialized WBCs (B cells) that memorize pathogens to prepare for future attacks.
    • Memory cells help to attack pathogens for the second time, preventing sickness from getting worse.

    Virus Life Cycle

    • A virus attaches to a host cell.
    • The virus's genetic material enters the host cell.
    • The host cell is tricked into producing more viral genetic material and proteins.
    • New viruses are assembled inside the host cell.
    • The host cell bursts, releasing new viruses.

    Scientific Method

    • Ask a question.
    • Conduct background research.
    • Form a hypothesis.
    • Design and conduct an experiment.
    • Evaluate the experiment's method (e.g., check if it’s working).
    • Collect, analyze data.
    • Draw a conclusion.
    • Repeat (e.g., to eliminate errors).

    Independent Variable

    • The independent variable is the factor changed in an experiment, independent of other factors.

    Photosynthesis

    • Photosynthesis is a process in plant cells where sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide are converted into sugar and oxygen.
    • Plants use the sugar for energy; the oxygen is released.

    Modifying Variables in Experiments

    • For a successful experiment, only one variable should be changed at a time.

    Specific vs. Non-Specific Defenses

    • First and second lines of defense are non-specific, defending against all pathogens.
    • The third line of defense is specific, targeting particular pathogens that have evaded other defenses.

    Pandemic vs. Epidemic

    • An epidemic affects a specific geographic area.
    • A pandemic is a global epidemic, spreading worldwide.

    Transmission Methods

    • Direct contact (e.g., shaking hands)
    • Indirect contact (e.g., coughing without covering)
    • Food and water (e.g., contaminated food)
    • Animal bites (e.g., rabies)

    Vaccine Types

    • Live attenuated
    • Inactivated
    • Subunit
    • Toxoid

    Lines of Defense

    • First line: Skin and linings (e.g., respiratory and digestive tracts).
    • Second line: Non-specialized WBCs, inflammation.
    • Third line: Specialized WBCs, develops immunity over time.

    Booster Shots

    • Booster shots are required for some toxoid vaccines because their protection is not as long-lasting as live attenuated vaccines.

    Immunity

    • Immunity is the body's ability to remember pathogens and destroy them quickly upon re-exposure.

    Pathogen Benefits/Disadvantages

    • Pathogen exposure can result in acquired immunity.
    • Pathogens can cause sickness and disease.

    Herd Immunity Beneficiaries

    • All groups (elderly, young children, those with underlying conditions) benefit from herd immunity.

    Flu Shots

    • Annual flu shots are needed because the flu virus frequently mutates.

    Photosynthesis/Respiration Relationship

    • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are part of a continuous cycle.

    Herd Immunity Explanation

    • Herd immunity occurs when a sizable portion of a community is vaccinated, limiting opportunities for spread to the unvaccinated.
    • This protects vulnerable populations (elderly, children, immunocompromised).

    Adult vs. Child Immunity

    • Adults have more immunity than children because they've been exposed to more pathogens in their lifetime.

    Vaccines Requiring Boosters

    • Inactive, toxoid, and subunit vaccines often require booster shots.

    Superbugs

    • Superbugs are antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
    • Bacteria become superbugs due to overuse of antibiotics, causing them to mutate.

    Basic Unit of Life

    • Cells

    Antibiotics

    • Antibiotics interfere with bacterial life processes.

    Plant Oxygen Release

    • Plants release oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis.

    Cell Theory

    • All living things are composed of cells.
    • New cells arise only from pre-existing cells.
    • Cells are the fundamental unit of life.

    Living Things Characteristics

    • Made of one or more cells.
    • Take in nutrients and energy.
    • Respond to stimuli.
    • Grow.
    • Reproduce.
    • Produce waste.

    Rough vs. Smooth ER

    • Rough ER has ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis.
    • Smooth ER lacks ribosomes, involved in lipid synthesis.

    Memory WBCs

    • Specialized WBCs that recognize previously encountered pathogens.

    Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration Relationship (Revised)

    • Photosynthesis uses sunlight, water, and CO2 to produce sugar and oxygen.
    • Cellular respiration uses the sugar and oxygen to produce energy, releasing CO2 and water. These products are then recycled in photosynthesis, creating a continuous cycle.

    Lines of Defense (Expanded)

    • First Line: Physical barriers (skin, respiratory and digestive tract linings). -Skin: Physical barrier, sweat & natural acid kill pathogens, waterproof for easy removal. -Linings: Hair and mucus trap pathogens, coughing/sneezing/swallowing remove pathogens. -Digestive: Acids kill many pathogens; vomiting removes pathogens.
    • Second Line: Non-specific responses (WBCs, inflammation).
      • WBCs surround and consume pathogens, release chemicals to signal others and fight.
      • Inflammation: Redness and swelling to allow WBCs access.
    • Third Line: Specific responses (specialized WBCs, memory cells, acquired immunity). -Specialized cells recognize and remember specific pathogens for faster and more efficient response in the future.

    Herd Immunity (Revised)

    • A high vaccination rate in a community reduces the ability of an infectious agent to spread, providing protection for those who cannot be vaccinated. This protects vulnerable groups (children, elderly, immunocompromised).

    Epidemic/Pandemic

    • Epidemic: A rapid increase in disease cases in a specific geographic area.
    • Pandemic: An epidemic that has spread across multiple countries or continents.

    Transmission Types (Revised)

    Transmission Method Example
    Direct Contact Shaking hands, physical contact
    Indirect Contact Coughing without covering mouth, sharing objects
    Contact with Food or Water Contaminated food, water
    Animal Bites Animal bites from infected animals

    Graph Components

    • Title, independent variable (x-axis), dependent variable (y-axis).

    Control Group

    • The control group displays the expected/typical result without the independent variable.

    Constant Variable

    • A constant variable remains unchanged throughout the experimental process.

    Types of Vaccines (Examples)

    Vaccine Type Examples
    Inactivated Rabies
    Live Attenuated Measles, chicken pox
    Subunit/conjugate Flu
    Toxoid Tetanus, diphtheria

    Calculating Magnification

    • Eyepiece magnification x Objective magnification

    Response to Pathogens (WBCs)

    • Consume pathogens, release chemicals to attract other WBCs and signal other responses to kill pathogens.

    Acquired Immunity

    • Acquired over time through exposure or vaccination, which facilitates memory cells to quickly fight pathogens.

    Microbes

    • Small organisms visible only with a microscope. Can positively impact health through essential processes for digestion/food production. However, can also cause food spoilage, various diseases, and bacterial infections.

    Scientific Method Steps (Expanded)

    1. Ask a Question
    2. Background Research
    3. Hypothesis: Educated prediction
    4. Experimentation
    5. Procedure Check: Is the method working?
    6. Data Collection & Analysis: Record results, organize, draw conclusions from data.
    7. Conclusion: Summarizing results, considering whether data supports hypothesis.
    8. Communicate Results: Share findings with others through presentations/publications.

    Microorganisms Characteristics

    • Only visible under a microscope.

    Independent vs. Dependent Variables

    • Independent Variable: The factor changed in an experiment.
    • Dependent Variable: The factor affected by the independent variable.

    Mitochondria

    • The "powerhouse" of the cell, responsible for energy production.

    Viruses: Non-living

    • Viruses are not classified as living organisms due to their lack of cellular structure.

    Plant Oxygen Release

    • Oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis, where plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce food and oxygen.

    Superbugs

    • Antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

    Eukaryotic

    • Meaning: Having a true/proper nucleus.

    Inactivated Vaccines: Pathogen Killing

    • Killed with radiation, heat, or chemicals.

    Antibodies

    • Y-shaped proteins that bind to antigens, marking pathogens for destruction.

    Immune System First Line

    • Skin and internal linings.

    Child vs. Adult Illness

    • Children get sick more often because their immune systems are not fully developed. (developing/learning).

    Red Tide

    • Excessive phytoplankton reproduction leads to colored water and potential shellfish/human toxicity.

    Positive Bacteria Examples

    • Bacteria in saliva/digestive system, those supporting food production and/or used in vaccines or some medicines.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on key biological concepts including prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells, cellular respiration, and the scientific method. This quiz covers important topics that are foundational to understanding biology. Challenge your grasp of these essential concepts and processes!

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