Questions and Answers
What are carbohydrates made of?
What functional group is associated with lipids?
What is a phosphate group made of?
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
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What are the main functions of lipids?
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What are the main functions of proteins?
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What are the main functions of nucleic acids?
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Which of the following is an example of carbohydrates?
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Which of the following is not an example of lipids?
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Which statement describes the process of dehydration synthesis?
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What happens during hydrolysis?
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What is the importance of the R or side chain in amino acids?
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Water molecules form large round drops because of cohesion.
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What is the relationship between monomers and polymers?
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Acids are bitter and produce hydroxide ions (OH-).
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How do detergents clean grease off your clothes?
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Explain enzyme-substrate specificity.
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Study Notes
Elements
- Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).
- Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO).
- Proteins include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON).
- Nucleic acids have carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CHONP).
Functional Groups
- Carbohydrates contain hydroxyl groups (OH).
- Lipids feature carboxyl groups (COOH) and hydrocarbon chains.
- Proteins include amino groups (NH2) and carboxyl groups (COOH).
- Nucleic acids consist of phosphate groups.
Phosphate Group Composition
- Made of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
Main Functions of Biological Macromolecules
- Carbohydrates provide energy; simple carbs for short-term and complex carbs for long-term energy.
- Lipids serve structural functions, energy storage, and message transmission.
- Proteins have diverse roles: enzymes, structure, antibodies, transport, and energy.
- Nucleic acids store hereditary information and facilitate protein synthesis.
Examples of Biological Macromolecules
- Carbohydrates: glycogen, starch, glucose, bread.
- Lipids: cholesterol, sex hormones, milk, wax, butter, oils, steroids, beef, fats.
- Proteins: enzymes, hemoglobin.
- Nucleic acids: DNA, RNA.
Properties of Water
- Cohesion and surface tension cause water to form large, round drops due to molecules sticking together.
- Water adheres to dry surfaces (adhesion).
- The polar nature of water is due to uneven electron distribution, resulting in slight charges.
pH and Ion Concentration
- A solution with pH 9 has 1,000,000 times more hydroxide ions (OH-) than a solution with pH 3.
- If hydrogen ion concentration (H+) is increased by 100 times in a solution with pH 7.5, the pH drops to 5.5.
Enzyme Function
- Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.
- Enzyme-substrate specificity involves a unique fit between each enzyme and its substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
Molecular Structures
- Triglycerides consist of one glycerol and three fatty acids; phospholipids have two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
- Glycerol is a component of triglycerides; fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains.
Macromolecule Categories
- Dimer refers to two bonded monomers (e.g., dipeptides - 2 amino acids; disaccharides - 2 monosaccharides).
- Monomers (single sugars) like glucose and fructose are used for immediate energy.
Hydrolysis and Dehydration Synthesis
- Dehydration synthesis connects monomers into polymers while losing a water molecule.
- Hydrolysis breaks down polymers into smaller units by adding a water molecule.
Importance of Organic Molecules
- Carbohydrates and lipids are crucial for energy storage.
- Nucleic acids transmit and store genetic information.
- Proteins perform various functions including structural, enzymatic, and storage roles.
Characteristics of Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
- Saturated fats have straight hydrocarbon chains; unsaturated fats have bent chains due to carbon-carbon double bonds.
Lock and Key Analogy
- Enzymes (like keys) bind to specific substrates (locks) at an active site to facilitate reactions.
- Changes in temperature or pH can denature enzymes, preventing substrate attachment.
Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds
- Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen; inorganic do not.
- Examples: CH4 (organic), C6H14N4O2 (organic), C6H12O6 (organic), H2SO4 (inorganic).
Acidic and Basic Elements
- Acidic ion: H+ (hydrogen ion).
- Basic ion: OH- (hydroxide ion).
Catalyst Definition
- A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction.
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Description
Explore key concepts from Biology Chapter 2 with these flashcards. Cover important topics such as elements and functional groups related to carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Perfect for understanding the basics of biological macromolecules.
