Biology Chapter 2 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is Chapter 2 about?

  • Marine Biology
  • Human Anatomy
  • The Biology of Plants
  • The Chemistry of Life (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT one of the six elements that make up the majority of living organisms?

  • Potassium (correct)
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Carbon

    • What do atoms contain?

    Negatively charged electrons

    What is the charge of an atom as a whole?

    <p>Neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms when atoms gain or lose electrons?

    <p>Ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Carbon-12 and Carbon-14 have in common?

    <p>They have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond do sodium and chlorine form?

    <p>Ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond exists between carbon and hydrogens in CH4?

    <p>Covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What rule states that 8 electrons in the valence shell make an atom stable?

    <p>Octet rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lipid registers a 5 on the pH scale?

    <p>Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most acidic solution?

    <p>pH of 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a glass of lemonade, what is sugar considered?

    <p>Solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must molecules contain to be classified as organic?

    <p>Carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What carbon-based molecule stores genetic information?

    <p>Nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are types of lipids?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What two types of organic molecules mainly function as an energy source for living organisms?

    <p>Lipids and carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do atoms in molecules share pairs of electrons?

    <p>When they make covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond forms when a metal transfers one or more electrons to a non-metal?

    <p>Ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a weak attraction between slightly positive hydrogen atoms and slightly negative atoms called?

    <p>Hydrogen bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the attraction between molecules of the same substance called?

    <p>Cohesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measures acidity related to the free hydrogen ion concentration in a solution?

    <p>pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general name for a large, carbon-based molecule formed by monomers?

    <p>Polymer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four main types of carbon-based molecules?

    <p>Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following polymers with their respective macromolecules: Triglyceride, RNA, Enzymes, Cellulose.

    <p>Macromolecule: Lipid, Nucleic Acid, Protein, Carbohydrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the monomers of Triglyceride, RNA, Enzymes, and Cellulose?

    <p>Fatty Acid, Monosaccharide, Nucleotide, Amino Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when we refer to Bacteria as prokaryotes?

    <p>They are unicellular and their DNA is not contained in a nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to bacteria, what is the other domain of life that consists of prokaryotes?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one is not one of the three domains of life?

    <p>Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of rod-shaped bacteria called?

    <p>Bacilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are spherical bacteria called?

    <p>Cocci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are worm-like bacteria called?

    <p>Spirilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a small, circular piece of genetic information inside a bacterial cell called?

    <p>Plasmid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do prokaryotes move?

    <p>By the use of flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reproduction do bacteria use?

    <p>Asexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process through which bacteria multiply rapidly known as?

    <p>Exponential growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is any disease-causing microorganism called?

    <p>Pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered Penicillin, the first antibiotic ever used by humans?

    <p>Alexander Fleming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibiotics kill bacteria?

    <p>By interfering with their cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do antibiotics fight?

    <p>Bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What temperature range is considered the danger zone for bacterial growth?

    <p>40-140°F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process kills bacteria by breaking down their cell walls?

    <p>Cooking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process slows down the bacteria's metabolism and growth?

    <p>Chilling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of using heat to destroy microorganisms called?

    <p>Pasteurization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some pasteurized foods?

    <p>Milk, orange juice, and eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 5 steps food takes to get to us?

    <ol> <li>Farm, 2. Processing, 3. Transportation, 4. Retail, 5. Your table</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bacteria benefit from living in a human digestive system?

    <p>They get food (nutrients) and a place to live</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Of the thousands of types of bacteria, how many cause disease?

    <p>A small fraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are all strains of E. coli pathogenic?

    <p>Not all</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides milk, how many types of food are pasteurized?

    <p>More than 1,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are bacteria important?

    <ol> <li>Nitrogen fixation, 2. Recycle nutrients, 3. Used to make foods and medicines</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antibiotics kill plant cells?

    <p>By attacking their cell walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does milk spoil at room temperature?

    <p>It is in the danger zone; bacteria thrive in moist environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a solvent?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a solute?

    <p>Sugar dye in a glass of lemonade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a solution?

    <p>The stirred-up mixture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pH levels are considered acidic?

    <p>Anything below 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Chemistry of Life

    • Key elements in living organisms include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur; potassium is not a major component.
    • Atoms consist of negatively charged electrons, positively charged protons, and neutral neutrons; when protons and electrons are equal, the overall charge is neutral.
    • Ions are formed through the gain or loss of electrons by atoms.

    Isotopes and Bonds

    • Carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes distinguished by different neutron counts while maintaining the same proton number.
    • Sodium and chlorine form ionic bonds through the transfer of electrons, while carbon and hydrogen in CH4 are connected by covalent bonds.

    pH and Acidity

    • An octet of eight electrons in the valence shell confers stability on an atom.
    • Solutions with a pH of 1 are considered the most acidic, and acidic substances have pH values below 7.
    • In lemonade, sugar acts as the solute which dissolves in water, the solvent, creating a solution.

    Organic Molecules

    • Organic molecules must contain carbon.
    • Nucleic acids are carbon-based molecules that store genetic information; they include DNA and RNA.
    • Lipids, including fats, oils, and cholesterol, function as energy sources along with carbohydrates.

    Molecular Structures

    • Polymers, which consist of large carbon-based molecules formed from monomers, include triglycerides, RNA, enzymes, and cellulose.
    • Monomers encompass fatty acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, and amino acids contributing to the structure of respective polymers.

    Prokaryotes and Bacteria

    • Bacteria, classified as prokaryotes, are unicellular organisms whose DNA is not enclosed in a nucleus; archaea represent another domain of prokaryotes.
    • Bacteria exhibit various shapes: bacilli (rod-shaped), cocci (spherical), and spirilla (worm-like), while "flagelli" is not a recognized shape.

    Genetic Information and Reproduction

    • Plasmids are small, circular DNA structures within bacterial cells, which can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA.
    • Bacteria utilize flagella for movement and reproduce asexually through binary fission, allowing rapid population increases known as exponential growth.

    Pathogens and Antibiotics

    • Pathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases; only a small fraction of bacterial species are pathogenic.
    • Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, which disrupts bacterial cell walls, effectively targeting bacterial infections.

    Food Safety and Bacteria

    • The danger zone for bacterial growth is between temperatures of 40°F and 140°F.
    • Cooking can kill bacteria by destroying their cell walls and enzymes, while chilling slows bacterial metabolism and growth.
    • Pasteurization uses heat to eliminate disease-causing microorganisms and is applied to items like milk, orange juice, and eggs.

    Role of Bacteria

    • Most bacteria in the human digestive system provide nutritional benefits and habitat, contributing to processes such as nitrogen fixation and nutrient recycling.
    • Although many bacteria inhabit the digestive system, only a small subset is harmful, with not all strains of E. coli being pathogenic.
    • Beyond milk, numerous other types of food undergo pasteurization to ensure safety.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the chemistry of life with these flashcards for Biology Chapter 2. Each card contains key terms and definitions vital for understanding the basics of biological chemistry. Perfect for review and exam preparation.

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