Biology Chapter 2: Characteristics of Life

False (B)

Genes and environment

<p>cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell Theory = Explains how hereditary information is transmitted from one generation to the next Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection = Explains the diversity and adaptation of life on Earth Chromosome Theory of Inheritance = Explains the fundamental unit of life and its role in the organization of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleotides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>central</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Robert Hooke = Observed single-celled organisms Anton Van Leeuwenhoek = Devised a microscope with 30x magnification and coined the term &quot;cells&quot; Louis Pasteur = Proposed that cells only arise from pre-existing cells, challenging the theory of spontaneous generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All cells have a nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plants use sunlight for energy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Darwin and Wallace (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>evolutionary change</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural Selection = Process where individuals with favorable traits reproduce more Evolution = Change in characteristics of a population over time Speciation = Formation of new and distinct species Phylogenetic Tree = Diagram showing relationships between species</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Branches that do not share recent common ancestors represent more distantly related species. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It refers to the idea that species change over generations while sharing a common ancestry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionic bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its polar nature allows it to dissolve various solutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>crystal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of unpaired electrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionic bond = Electrons are fully transferred Nonpolar covalent bond = No charge difference Polar covalent bond = Partial positive and negative charges Hydrogen bond = Weak interaction between polar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uncharged and nonpolar compounds that do not dissolve in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water expands and becomes less dense when frozen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>base</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphodiester linkages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) as one of its nitrogenous bases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Condensation reaction = A chemical reaction that links monomers together, releasing a water molecule Hydrolysis = A chemical reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers, using a water molecule Entropy = A measure of disorder or randomness in a system Active site = The specific region on an enzyme where substrates bind and react</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>polymerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The R-group, or side chain, determines the unique chemical properties of each amino acid, influencing its interactions and the overall structure and function of the protein it contributes to.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>molecular chaperones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The active site of an enzyme is a specific region where substrates (reactants) bind and undergo a chemical reaction. It provides the catalytic site for the enzyme to facilitate the reaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphodiester bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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<p>Eukaryotes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its atomic weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonpolar covalent bond = Electrons shared equally Polar covalent bond = Electrons shared unequally Ionic bond = Transfer of electrons Hydrogen bond = Weak attraction between polar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radioactive isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>covalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sum of protons and neutrons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One mole</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water molecules move faster (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polymerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endothermic = Absorbs heat Exothermic = Releases heat Hydrolysis = Breaks down molecules using water Condensation = Forms molecules and releases water</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To catalyze reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determines the chemical properties and interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>first</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary structure = Sequence of amino acids Secondary structure = Hydrogen bonds form shapes like helices Tertiary structure = Three-dimensional shape from R-group interactions Quaternary structure = Multiple polypeptide chains linked together</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potentially alters protein function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chain of fewer than 50 amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>releases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Minimize changes in pH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Five defining traits of living things: cells, replication, information, energy, evolution.

The theory stating that all living organisms are made of cells, which are the basic unit of life.

A well-substantiated explanation for phenomena, supported by a large body of evidence.

The scientific theory that species evolve over time through natural selection.

The theory explaining how hereditary information is transmitted from one generation to the next via chromosomes.

Change in characteristics of a population over time.

The concept that different species share a common ancestor.

Darwin's idea that species change over time through generations.

The process where individuals with favorable traits reproduce more successfully.

Characteristics that can be passed from one generation to the next.

The process through which populations diverge to form new species.

A diagram that shows relationships among species based on common ancestry.

Information gathered from the DNA sequences of organisms.

Molecules made of different bonded elements.

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons, influenced by protons and shell distance.

A type of bond where electrons are completely transferred between atoms, forming charged ions.

An atom that has lost an electron and has a positive charge.

An atom that has gained an electron and has a negative charge.

Electrons that are alone in their shell, determining bonding capability of an atom.

Water has partial negative and positive charges due to its molecular structure.

Weak attractions between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.

Molecules that dissolve in water due to their polar or charged nature.

Cohesion is attraction between like molecules, adhesion is attraction between unlike molecules.

The hypothesis that life can arise from non-living matter.

An instrument that makes small objects look larger, essential for studying cells.

The hereditary material in organisms, consisting of two strands forming a double helix.

The framework describing the flow of genetic information: DNA -> RNA -> Proteins.

The process by which cells replicate and divide for growth and reproduction.

Changes in DNA sequences that can be passed on to offspring, contributing to diversity.

The energy currency of the cell, used in biochemical reactions.

Segments of DNA that code for specific traits or functions in organisms.

Organisms with cells that have a nucleus.

Organisms that lack a nucleus, including bacteria and archaea.

A proposed explanation based on observations that can be tested.

A statement that indicates no effect or no difference.

The leading explanation for the origin of life via simple molecules transforming into complex ones.

The fundamental units of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

The number of protons in an atom, determining the element.

The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

A quantity of substance equal to 6.022 x 10^23 entities.

Layers around an atomic nucleus where electrons reside.

Electrons in the outermost shell that determine bonding.

Chemical bonds formed by sharing electrons between atoms.

Polar bonds share electrons unequally, nonpolar bonds share equally.

Unstable isotopes that decay over time and release radiation.

Amount of energy required to change temperature of a substance.

Process where substances are transformed into different substances.

State where reactions occur in both directions simultaneously.

Sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule.

Concentration of solute in a solution, measured in moles per liter.

Acids release protons, bases acquire protons in solutions.

Measures hydrogen ion concentration; lower values are acidic, higher are basic.

Reaction that absorbs heat energy from its environment.

Proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions.

Covalent bond formed between amino acids in proteins.

Unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Folding of polypeptide into alpha helixes or beta sheets due to hydrogen bonds.

Overall 3D shape of a protein formed by interactions among R-groups.

Combination of multiple polypeptide chains into a single protein complex.

Infectious proteins causing normal proteins to misfold.