Biology Chapter 16 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following organisms is a prokaryote?

  • A bacterium (correct)
  • Seaweed
  • A slime mold
  • An amoeba
  • The important distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes ________ a nucleus, whereas the cells of eukaryotes ________ a nucleus.

    lack; have

    ____________ are organisms that live in extreme environments, such as hot springs.

  • Protists
  • Archaea (correct)
  • Bacteria
  • Slime molds
  • Eukaryotes are most closely related to which of the following prokaryotic groups?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______________ evolved from _____________.

    <p>Eukaryotes; prokaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for spherical cell shape?

    <p>cocci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for rod cell shape?

    <p>bacilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for spiral/corkscrew cell shape?

    <p>spirochete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a positive gram stain?

    <p>peptidoglycan thick</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a negative gram stain?

    <p>peptidoglycan thin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative gram stain may also have what?

    <p>toxic outer membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used for movement?

    <p>flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used for attachment?

    <p>fimbriae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the producers of oxygen through photosynthesis?

    <p>cyanobacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option lists a feature that is true of both Archaea and Eukarya?

    <p>In both groups, cell walls lack peptidoglycan and there are several kinds of relatively complex RNA polymerase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Archaea that assist in the digestion of cellulose are called _____.

    <p>methanogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disease-causing prokaryotes are called _____ and are _____.

    <p>pathogens; the direct cause of nearly all human diseases; they provide few benefits to other forms of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peptic ulcers are caused by _____.

    <p>infection by the bacterium H. pylori</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Several groups of protists have variable modes of nutrition: Some species are photoautotrophs, whereas close relatives are heterotrophs. Such diversity even exists within a single species in some cases. Evidence suggests that this pattern is a result of the __________.

    <p>independent acquisition of green and red algae as endosymbionts by many protist groups, with subsequent evolution producing photosynthetic organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The newly defined protist group SAR consists of __________.

    <p>unicellular and multicellular autotrophic algae and unicellular heterotrophs and mixotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amoebas move and feed by using _____.

    <p>pseudopods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

    • Prokaryotes lack a nucleus; eukaryotes have a nucleus.
    • Bacteria are examples of prokaryotes, while eukaryotes include organisms like seaweed and slime molds.
    • Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.

    Archaea

    • Archaea thrive in extreme environments, such as hot springs.
    • They are closely related to eukaryotes, more than to bacteria.
    • Methanogens are a type of archaea that assist in cellulose digestion and produce methane gas.

    Cellular Shapes

    • Cocci refer to spherical-shaped bacteria.
    • Bacilli describe rod-shaped bacteria.
    • Spirochetes are spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria.

    Gram Staining

    • A positive Gram stain indicates a thick layer of peptidoglycan.
    • A negative Gram stain shows a thin peptidoglycan layer and may have a toxic outer membrane.

    Cell Structures

    • Flagella are structures used by some prokaryotes for movement.
    • Fimbriae serve as attachment structures for prokaryotes.

    Nutritional Modes

    • Photoautotrophs use sunlight and CO2 for energy (e.g., cyanobacteria).
    • Chemoautotrophs obtain energy from chemicals, also using CO2.
    • Heterotrophs can be photoheterotrophs (using sunlight and organic compounds) or chemoheterotrophs (using chemicals and organic compounds).

    Multicellular Algae Life Cycle

    • Gametophyte is the multicellular form in a life cycle diagram.
    • Spores are produced through meiosis and the sporophyte is the diploid stage post-fusion of gametes.

    Prokaryote Importance

    • Prokaryotes are highly abundant, crucial for ecological balance.
    • E. coli, a bacilli-shaped bacterium, resides in human intestines.
    • Prokaryote decomposers are essential in sewage treatment by removing organic waste.

    Pathogens and Diseases

    • Pathogens are disease-causing prokaryotes and account for many human diseases but are less significant than the beneficial roles prokaryotes play in ecosystems.
    • H. pylori bacterium is responsible for peptic ulcers.

    Protist Diversity

    • Many protists showcase flexibility in nutrition, functioning as autotrophs or heterotrophs due to varied evolutionary adaptations, including endosymbiosis.
    • The SAR group comprises both autotrophic algae and diverse heterotrophic protists.

    Movement and Feeding

    • Amoebas use pseudopods for movement and feeding, showcasing their flexible cellular structure.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on prokaryotes and eukaryotes with these flashcards from Biology Chapter 16. Each card presents key concepts and definitions to enhance your understanding of cellular organisms. Perfect for quick review or study sessions.

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