Biology Chapter 16 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following organisms is a prokaryote?

A bacterium (correct)

Seaweed

A slime mold

An amoeba

The important distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes a nucleus, whereas the cells of eukaryotes a nucleus.

lack; have

____________ are organisms that live in extreme environments, such as hot springs.

Protists

Archaea (correct)

Bacteria

Slime molds

Eukaryotes are most closely related to which of the following prokaryotic groups?

Archaea Signup and view all the answers

__ evolved from _.

Eukaryotes; prokaryotes Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for spherical cell shape?

cocci Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for rod cell shape?

bacilli Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for spiral/corkscrew cell shape?

spirochete Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a positive gram stain?

peptidoglycan thick Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a negative gram stain?

peptidoglycan thin Signup and view all the answers

Negative gram stain may also have what?

toxic outer membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is used for movement?

flagella Signup and view all the answers

What is used for attachment?

fimbriae Signup and view all the answers

What are the producers of oxygen through photosynthesis?

cyanobacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which option lists a feature that is true of both Archaea and Eukarya?

In both groups, cell walls lack peptidoglycan and there are several kinds of relatively complex RNA polymerase. Signup and view all the answers

Archaea that assist in the digestion of cellulose are called _____.

methanogens Signup and view all the answers

Disease-causing prokaryotes are called _ and are _.

pathogens; the direct cause of nearly all human diseases; they provide few benefits to other forms of life Signup and view all the answers

Peptic ulcers are caused by _____.

infection by the bacterium H. pylori Signup and view all the answers

Several groups of protists have variable modes of nutrition: Some species are photoautotrophs, whereas close relatives are heterotrophs. Such diversity even exists within a single species in some cases. Evidence suggests that this pattern is a result of the __________.

independent acquisition of green and red algae as endosymbionts by many protist groups, with subsequent evolution producing photosynthetic organelles Signup and view all the answers

The newly defined protist group SAR consists of __________.

unicellular and multicellular autotrophic algae and unicellular heterotrophs and mixotrophs Signup and view all the answers

Amoebas move and feed by using _____.

pseudopods Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus; eukaryotes have a nucleus.
Bacteria are examples of prokaryotes, while eukaryotes include organisms like seaweed and slime molds.
Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.

Archaea

Archaea thrive in extreme environments, such as hot springs.
They are closely related to eukaryotes, more than to bacteria.
Methanogens are a type of archaea that assist in cellulose digestion and produce methane gas.

Cellular Shapes

Cocci refer to spherical-shaped bacteria.
Bacilli describe rod-shaped bacteria.
Spirochetes are spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria.

Gram Staining

A positive Gram stain indicates a thick layer of peptidoglycan.
A negative Gram stain shows a thin peptidoglycan layer and may have a toxic outer membrane.

Cell Structures

Flagella are structures used by some prokaryotes for movement.
Fimbriae serve as attachment structures for prokaryotes.

Nutritional Modes

Photoautotrophs use sunlight and CO2 for energy (e.g., cyanobacteria).
Chemoautotrophs obtain energy from chemicals, also using CO2.
Heterotrophs can be photoheterotrophs (using sunlight and organic compounds) or chemoheterotrophs (using chemicals and organic compounds).

Multicellular Algae Life Cycle

Gametophyte is the multicellular form in a life cycle diagram.
Spores are produced through meiosis and the sporophyte is the diploid stage post-fusion of gametes.

Prokaryote Importance

Prokaryotes are highly abundant, crucial for ecological balance.
E. coli, a bacilli-shaped bacterium, resides in human intestines.
Prokaryote decomposers are essential in sewage treatment by removing organic waste.

Pathogens and Diseases

Pathogens are disease-causing prokaryotes and account for many human diseases but are less significant than the beneficial roles prokaryotes play in ecosystems.
H. pylori bacterium is responsible for peptic ulcers.

Protist Diversity

Many protists showcase flexibility in nutrition, functioning as autotrophs or heterotrophs due to varied evolutionary adaptations, including endosymbiosis.
The SAR group comprises both autotrophic algae and diverse heterotrophic protists.

Movement and Feeding

Amoebas use pseudopods for movement and feeding, showcasing their flexible cellular structure.

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Description

Test your knowledge on prokaryotes and eukaryotes with these flashcards from Biology Chapter 16. Each card presents key concepts and definitions to enhance your understanding of cellular organisms. Perfect for quick review or study sessions.