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Biology Chapter 15 Flashcards
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Biology Chapter 15 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What are tonic receptors?

Sensory neurons that are always active.

What are phasic receptors?

Sensory receptors that provide information about the intensity and rate of change of stimulus.

What is adaptation?

A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus.

What is an example of a fast-adapting receptor?

<p>Thermoreceptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a slow-adapting receptor?

<p>Nociceptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four types of sensory receptors?

<p>Nociceptors, Thermoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, and Chemoreceptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are nociceptors found?

<p>Superficial portions of skin, joint capsules, within periostea of bones, and around the walls of blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are nociceptors sensitive to?

<p>Extremes of temperature, mechanical damage, and dissolved chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two types of axons carry painful sensations and what types of pain sensations do they carry?

<p>Type A carry fast pain sensations and Type C carry slow pain sensations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are nociceptors tonic or phasic receptors?

<p>Tonic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitters are released by the activation of nociceptors?

<p>Substance P and Glutamate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurotransmitters are released to reduce the sensations of pain?

<p>Endorphins and Enkephalins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are thermoreceptors found?

<p>Located in the dermis, skeletal muscles, liver, and hypothalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are thermoreceptors tonic or phasic receptors?

<p>Phasic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three classes of mechanoreceptors?

<p>Tactile receptors, Baroreceptors, and Proprioceptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the six types of tactile receptors?

<p>Free nerve endings, Root hair plexus, Tactile discs, Tactile corpuscles, Lamellated corpuscles, and Ruffini corpuscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are free nerve endings sensitive to?

<p>Touch and pressure located between epidermal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are root hair plexus sensitive to?

<p>Distortions and movements across the body surface.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are tactile discs sensitive to?

<p>Fine touch and pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are tactile corpuscles sensitive to?

<p>Fine touch, pressure, and low frequency vibration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are tactile corpuscles located?

<p>Eyelids, lips, fingertips, nipples, and external genitalia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are lamellated corpuscles sensitive to?

<p>Deep pressure and pulsing or high frequency vibrations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are lamellated corpuscles found?

<p>Dermis, fingers, mammary glands, external genitalia, and joint capsules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Ruffini corpuscles sensitive to?

<p>Pressure and distortion of the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are Ruffini corpuscles located?

<p>Reticular dermis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can alter our sensitivity to tactile sensations?

<p>Infection, disease, or damage to sensory neurons or pathways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do baroreceptors monitor?

<p>Monitor changes in pressure in an organ.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major groups of proprioceptors?

<p>Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and receptors in joint capsules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemoreceptors respond to what types of substances?

<p>Water soluble and lipid soluble substances that are dissolved in body fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sensory Receptors Overview

  • Tonic receptors are sensory neurons that remain continuously active, providing a constant signal.
  • Phasic receptors respond to changes in stimuli intensity and rate, allowing the detection of dynamic changes.

Adaptation and Sensitivity

  • Adaptation refers to a decrease in sensitivity when exposed to a constant stimulus over time.
  • Fast-adapting receptors, like thermoreceptors, quickly adjust to changes in temperature.
  • Slow-adapting receptors, such as nociceptors, maintain their response to persistent stimuli.

Types of Sensory Receptors

  • Four primary types include nociceptors (pain), thermoreceptors (temperature), mechanoreceptors (pressure), and chemoreceptors (chemical detection).

Nociceptors

  • Located in superficial skin, joint capsules, periosteum of bones, and around blood vessel walls.
  • Sensitive to extremes of temperature, mechanical injury, and chemical changes.
  • Pain sensation is transmitted via Type A axons for fast pain and Type C axons for slow pain.
  • Function as tonic receptors, providing continuous pain signals.
  • Activation causes the release of neurotransmitters like Substance P and Glutamate; pain modulation involves Endorphins and Enkephalins.

Thermoreceptors

  • Found in the dermis, skeletal muscles, liver, and hypothalamus.
  • Function as phasic receptors, adapting quickly to changes in temperature.

Mechanoreceptors

  • Divided into three classes:
    • Tactile receptors (sensitive to touch),
    • Baroreceptors (sensitive to pressure changes),
    • Proprioceptors (sensitive to body position).

Tactile Receptors

  • Six types include:
    • Free nerve endings (detect touch and pressure),
    • Root hair plexus (sensitive to surface distortions),
    • Tactile discs (fine touch and pressure),
    • Tactile corpuscles (fine touch, pressure, low-frequency vibrations), found in areas like eyelids, lips, and fingertips,
    • Lamellated corpuscles (deep pressure and high-frequency vibrations), located in the dermis and joints,
    • Ruffini corpuscles (sensitive to skin pressure and distortion) found in the reticular dermis.

Sensory Modulation

  • Sensitivity to tactile sensations can be modified by infections, diseases, or neuronal damage.
  • Baroreceptors monitor organ pressure changes, contributing to homeostasis.
  • Proprioceptors are classified into muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and receptors in joint capsules, enabling body position awareness.

Chemoreceptors

  • Respond to water-soluble and lipid-soluble substances that are dissolved in body fluids, playing a crucial role in chemical sensing.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards on sensory receptors from Biology Chapter 15. Learn about tonic and phasic receptors, adaptation, and more. Perfect for reviewing key concepts and enhancing your understanding of sensory systems.

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