Biology Chapter 15 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Sequence the following major events in the history of life on Earth from the most ancient to the most recent: ______

First cells originate, photosynthesis begins, oxygen builds in the atmosphere, eukaryotes arise on Earth, multicellular red algae arise, humans begin to arise.

Which of the following statements about Stanley Miller's experiment and early Earth are true? (Select all that apply)

Earliest Earth lacked oxygen in its atmosphere (correct)

Miller's experiment failed to produce any organic compounds

Miller's prebiotic simulation has been repeated by other scientists (correct)

Miller's experiment yielded life from inorganic molecules (correct)

Place the organisms in chronological order by their first appearance in the fossil record: OLDEST Prokaryotes, Multicellular Organisms, Terrestrial plants, Terrestrial Vertebrates, Tyrannosaurus rex, Homo sapiens, MOST RECENT.

Prokaryotes, Multicellular Organisms, Terrestrial plants, Terrestrial Vertebrates, Tyrannosaurus rex, Homo sapiens.

Classify each label into the proper domain:

Archaea = These prokaryotes are often found in extreme environments. Bacteria = Organisms in this domain were first to produce O2. Eukarya = Organisms consist of cells with a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Signup and view all the answers

Drag the name of each bacterial cell shape to its correct description:

Coccus = spherical cell Bacillus = rod-shaped cell Spirillum = corkscrew-shaped cell Signup and view all the answers

What criteria could be used to distinguish a bacterial cell from an archaean cell? Click on all answers that apply.

Composition of the cell wall Signup and view all the answers

Select all of the statements that are true concerning the ecological significance of prokaryotes.

Without prokaryotes, nitrogen wouldn't be made available to other organisms to use in DNA or protein synthesis. Signup and view all the answers

Drag and drop the labels to match each prokaryotic structure with its function.

Ribosome = Protein assembly Flagellum = Movement Cell wall = Gives shape to cell Plasmid = Extrachromosomal material that encodes proteins Cell membrane = Encloses cytoplasm and cell contents Signup and view all the answers

Arrange the following in order from the largest category (most inclusive) to the smallest category (least inclusive): ______

Life, Eukarya, Protista, Protozoa, Ciliates, Paramecium. Signup and view all the answers

Arrange the following in order from the largest category (most inclusive) to the smallest category (least inclusive): ______

Life, Eukaryotes, Protists, Algae, Brown algae, Kelps. Signup and view all the answers

Match each description to the correct type of algae.

Red algae = Primarily marine and can be found in deeper waters Green algae = Similar to terrestrial plants and found in both freshwater and marine environments Brown algae = Often found in colder ocean waters and includes species like kelp Signup and view all the answers

Amoeba moves by the formation of what type of cellular extension?

Pseudopods Signup and view all the answers

How are amoeboids classified using both energy source and locomotion?

Heterotrophic by internal digestion, pseudopods. Signup and view all the answers

What group consists of amoeboid protozoa?

Foraminiferans Signup and view all the answers

What domain do diatoms belong to?

Eukarya Signup and view all the answers

Choose all of the items below that are characteristic of fungi.

Fungi are all heterotrophic eukaryotes. Signup and view all the answers

Place the terms in order from smallest to largest: ______

Atom, Nutrient molecule, Spores, Hyphae, Mycelium. Signup and view all the answers

Select all the statements that correctly describe slime molds and water molds.

They are all heterotrophic. Signup and view all the answers

Review the experiment discussed in Investigating Life 15.1. What did the investigators find?

More copepods are consumed in the presence of bioluminescent algae than in the presence of nonbioluminescent algae. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Major Events in the History of Life

First cells originated, marking the beginning of life on Earth.
Photosynthesis initiated, allowing production of oxygen.
Oxygen accumulation transformed the atmosphere, supporting aerobic life.
Eukaryotic cells evolved, giving rise to complex life forms.
Multicellular red algae appeared, representing significant evolutionary advancement.
Humans emerged, highlighting recent human evolutionary history.

Stanley Miller's Experiment

Demonstrated that life can arise from inorganic compounds.
Early Earth had an atmosphere devoid of oxygen, conducive for life formation.
Miller's experiment has been replicated by numerous scientists, affirming its findings.

Fossil Record Chronology

Prokaryotes are the oldest organisms found in the fossil record.
Multicellular organisms followed as evolutionary complexity increased.
Terrestrial plants appeared next, followed by terrestrial vertebrates.
Tyrannosaurus rex and eventually Homo sapiens represent more recent life forms.

Classification of Domains

Archaea:
- Prokaryotes thriving in extreme conditions and closest relatives to eukaryotes.
- This domain was the first to develop on Earth.
Bacteria:
- First organisms to produce oxygen through photosynthesis.
Eukarya:
- Organisms with membrane-bound organelles; endosymbiont theory describes their origin.

Bacterial Cell Shapes

Coccus: Spherical-shaped bacteria.
Bacillus: Rod-shaped bacteria.
Spirillum: Corkscrew-shaped bacteria.

Distinguishing Bacterial and Archaeal Cells

Cell wall composition serves as a differentiating factor.
Capability to utilize chlorophyll for photosynthesis further distinguishes them.

Ecological Significance of Prokaryotes

Serve as a vital food source for various organisms.
Crucial in nitrogen fixation, essential for DNA and protein synthesis.
Resident bacteria on humans combat pathogens, promoting health.
Involved in food production processes, such as cheese-making.

Prokaryotic Structures and Functions

Ribosome: Site for protein assembly.
Flagellum: Provides motility to the cell.
Cell wall: Maintains cell shape and integrity.
Plasmid: Contains extrachromosomal genetic material.
Cell membrane: Encloses cell content and cytoplasm.

Classification from Largest to Smallest

Largest category is "Life," followed by various biological classifications down to specific organisms.
Example for Protists: Life → Eukarya → Protista → Protozoa → Ciliates → Paramecium.
Parallel example for Algae: Life → Eukaryotes → Protists → Algae → Brown Algae → Kelps.

Amoeba and Cellular Extensions

Amoeba utilize pseudopods for movement, showcasing unique locomotion.

Classification of Amoeboids

Classified as heterotrophic (feeding through internal digestion) and utilize pseudopods for movement.

Grouping of Amoeboid Protozoa

Foraminiferans are identified as a group of amoeboid protozoa.

Domain of Diatoms

Diatoms are categorized under the domain Eukarya, indicating their complex cell structure.

Characteristics of Fungi

Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes vital for ecosystem decomposition.
Yeasts represent a type of fungus, with fungi storing carbohydrates as glycogen.

Biological Hierarchy from Smallest to Largest

Biological structures arranged from atoms to mycelium indicate increasing complexity.

Slime Molds and Water Molds

Characterized as heterotrophic organisms that can exist as unicellular or multicellular forms.

Investigating Life Experiment Findings

More copepods were consumed in the presence of bioluminescent algae, suggesting ecological interactions.

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Explore key events in the history of life on Earth with these flashcards from Biology Chapter 15. Review significant milestones such as the origin of the first cells, the rise of eukaryotes, and the emergence of humans. Perfect for studying important concepts in evolutionary biology.

Biology Chapter 15 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Sequence the following major events in the history of life on Earth from the most ancient to the most recent: ______

Which of the following statements about Stanley Miller's experiment and early Earth are true? (Select all that apply)

Place the organisms in chronological order by their first appearance in the fossil record: OLDEST Prokaryotes, Multicellular Organisms, Terrestrial plants, Terrestrial Vertebrates, Tyrannosaurus rex, Homo sapiens, MOST RECENT.

Classify each label into the proper domain:

Drag the name of each bacterial cell shape to its correct description:

What criteria could be used to distinguish a bacterial cell from an archaean cell? Click on all answers that apply.

Select all of the statements that are true concerning the ecological significance of prokaryotes.

Drag and drop the labels to match each prokaryotic structure with its function.

Arrange the following in order from the largest category (most inclusive) to the smallest category (least inclusive): ______

Arrange the following in order from the largest category (most inclusive) to the smallest category (least inclusive): ______

Match each description to the correct type of algae.

Amoeba moves by the formation of what type of cellular extension?

How are amoeboids classified using both energy source and locomotion?

What group consists of amoeboid protozoa?

What domain do diatoms belong to?

Choose all of the items below that are characteristic of fungi.

Place the terms in order from smallest to largest: ______

Select all the statements that correctly describe slime molds and water molds.

Review the experiment discussed in Investigating Life 15.1. What did the investigators find?

Study Notes

Major Events in the History of Life

Stanley Miller's Experiment

Fossil Record Chronology

Classification of Domains

Bacterial Cell Shapes

Distinguishing Bacterial and Archaeal Cells

Ecological Significance of Prokaryotes

Prokaryotic Structures and Functions

Classification from Largest to Smallest

Amoeba and Cellular Extensions

Classification of Amoeboids

Grouping of Amoeboid Protozoa

Domain of Diatoms

Characteristics of Fungi

Biological Hierarchy from Smallest to Largest

Slime Molds and Water Molds

Investigating Life Experiment Findings

Studying That Suits You

Description

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