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Questions and Answers
Sequence the following major events in the history of life on Earth from the most ancient to the most recent: ______
Sequence the following major events in the history of life on Earth from the most ancient to the most recent: ______
First cells originate, photosynthesis begins, oxygen builds in the atmosphere, eukaryotes arise on Earth, multicellular red algae arise, humans begin to arise.
Which of the following statements about Stanley Miller's experiment and early Earth are true? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following statements about Stanley Miller's experiment and early Earth are true? (Select all that apply)
Place the organisms in chronological order by their first appearance in the fossil record: OLDEST Prokaryotes, Multicellular Organisms, Terrestrial plants, Terrestrial Vertebrates, Tyrannosaurus rex, Homo sapiens, MOST RECENT.
Place the organisms in chronological order by their first appearance in the fossil record: OLDEST Prokaryotes, Multicellular Organisms, Terrestrial plants, Terrestrial Vertebrates, Tyrannosaurus rex, Homo sapiens, MOST RECENT.
Prokaryotes, Multicellular Organisms, Terrestrial plants, Terrestrial Vertebrates, Tyrannosaurus rex, Homo sapiens.
Classify each label into the proper domain:
Classify each label into the proper domain:
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Drag the name of each bacterial cell shape to its correct description:
Drag the name of each bacterial cell shape to its correct description:
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What criteria could be used to distinguish a bacterial cell from an archaean cell? Click on all answers that apply.
What criteria could be used to distinguish a bacterial cell from an archaean cell? Click on all answers that apply.
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Select all of the statements that are true concerning the ecological significance of prokaryotes.
Select all of the statements that are true concerning the ecological significance of prokaryotes.
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Drag and drop the labels to match each prokaryotic structure with its function.
Drag and drop the labels to match each prokaryotic structure with its function.
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Arrange the following in order from the largest category (most inclusive) to the smallest category (least inclusive): ______
Arrange the following in order from the largest category (most inclusive) to the smallest category (least inclusive): ______
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Arrange the following in order from the largest category (most inclusive) to the smallest category (least inclusive): ______
Arrange the following in order from the largest category (most inclusive) to the smallest category (least inclusive): ______
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Match each description to the correct type of algae.
Match each description to the correct type of algae.
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Amoeba moves by the formation of what type of cellular extension?
Amoeba moves by the formation of what type of cellular extension?
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How are amoeboids classified using both energy source and locomotion?
How are amoeboids classified using both energy source and locomotion?
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What group consists of amoeboid protozoa?
What group consists of amoeboid protozoa?
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What domain do diatoms belong to?
What domain do diatoms belong to?
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Choose all of the items below that are characteristic of fungi.
Choose all of the items below that are characteristic of fungi.
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Place the terms in order from smallest to largest: ______
Place the terms in order from smallest to largest: ______
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Select all the statements that correctly describe slime molds and water molds.
Select all the statements that correctly describe slime molds and water molds.
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Review the experiment discussed in Investigating Life 15.1. What did the investigators find?
Review the experiment discussed in Investigating Life 15.1. What did the investigators find?
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Study Notes
Major Events in the History of Life
- First cells originated, marking the beginning of life on Earth.
- Photosynthesis initiated, allowing production of oxygen.
- Oxygen accumulation transformed the atmosphere, supporting aerobic life.
- Eukaryotic cells evolved, giving rise to complex life forms.
- Multicellular red algae appeared, representing significant evolutionary advancement.
- Humans emerged, highlighting recent human evolutionary history.
Stanley Miller's Experiment
- Demonstrated that life can arise from inorganic compounds.
- Early Earth had an atmosphere devoid of oxygen, conducive for life formation.
- Miller's experiment has been replicated by numerous scientists, affirming its findings.
Fossil Record Chronology
- Prokaryotes are the oldest organisms found in the fossil record.
- Multicellular organisms followed as evolutionary complexity increased.
- Terrestrial plants appeared next, followed by terrestrial vertebrates.
- Tyrannosaurus rex and eventually Homo sapiens represent more recent life forms.
Classification of Domains
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Archaea:
- Prokaryotes thriving in extreme conditions and closest relatives to eukaryotes.
- This domain was the first to develop on Earth.
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Bacteria:
- First organisms to produce oxygen through photosynthesis.
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Eukarya:
- Organisms with membrane-bound organelles; endosymbiont theory describes their origin.
Bacterial Cell Shapes
- Coccus: Spherical-shaped bacteria.
- Bacillus: Rod-shaped bacteria.
- Spirillum: Corkscrew-shaped bacteria.
Distinguishing Bacterial and Archaeal Cells
- Cell wall composition serves as a differentiating factor.
- Capability to utilize chlorophyll for photosynthesis further distinguishes them.
Ecological Significance of Prokaryotes
- Serve as a vital food source for various organisms.
- Crucial in nitrogen fixation, essential for DNA and protein synthesis.
- Resident bacteria on humans combat pathogens, promoting health.
- Involved in food production processes, such as cheese-making.
Prokaryotic Structures and Functions
- Ribosome: Site for protein assembly.
- Flagellum: Provides motility to the cell.
- Cell wall: Maintains cell shape and integrity.
- Plasmid: Contains extrachromosomal genetic material.
- Cell membrane: Encloses cell content and cytoplasm.
Classification from Largest to Smallest
- Largest category is "Life," followed by various biological classifications down to specific organisms.
- Example for Protists: Life → Eukarya → Protista → Protozoa → Ciliates → Paramecium.
- Parallel example for Algae: Life → Eukaryotes → Protists → Algae → Brown Algae → Kelps.
Amoeba and Cellular Extensions
- Amoeba utilize pseudopods for movement, showcasing unique locomotion.
Classification of Amoeboids
- Classified as heterotrophic (feeding through internal digestion) and utilize pseudopods for movement.
Grouping of Amoeboid Protozoa
- Foraminiferans are identified as a group of amoeboid protozoa.
Domain of Diatoms
- Diatoms are categorized under the domain Eukarya, indicating their complex cell structure.
Characteristics of Fungi
- Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes vital for ecosystem decomposition.
- Yeasts represent a type of fungus, with fungi storing carbohydrates as glycogen.
Biological Hierarchy from Smallest to Largest
- Biological structures arranged from atoms to mycelium indicate increasing complexity.
Slime Molds and Water Molds
- Characterized as heterotrophic organisms that can exist as unicellular or multicellular forms.
Investigating Life Experiment Findings
- More copepods were consumed in the presence of bioluminescent algae, suggesting ecological interactions.
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Description
Explore key events in the history of life on Earth with these flashcards from Biology Chapter 15. Review significant milestones such as the origin of the first cells, the rise of eukaryotes, and the emergence of humans. Perfect for studying important concepts in evolutionary biology.
